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Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy Vol. 6 (2) 145-165 April 2012, ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online) Lonepinella koalarum SmF Osawa et al. (74) Microbacterium terregens, Providencia rettgeri, Serratia ficaria, Serratia marcescens SmF Belur et al. (75) Pantonea agglomerans SmF Zeida et al. (76) Pantonea sp., Serratia sp., SSF Pepi et al. (77) Selenomonas ruminantium SmF Skene and Brooker, (78) Staphylococcus lugdunensis SmF Noguchi et al. (79) Streptococcus bovis SmF Belmares et al. (26) Streptococcus gallolyticus SmF Sasaki et al. (80) Plant sources Myrobolan ( Terminalia chebula) Fruits Madhavakrishna et al. (81) Divi-divi (Caesalpinia coriaria) Pods Dhawa (Anogeissus latifolia) Leaves Konnam (Cassia fistula) Bark Babul (Acacia arabica) Bark Avaram (Cassia auriculata) Bark Pedunculate oak (Quercus ruber) Leaves Niehaus and Gross (19) Pods of divi-divi (Caesalpinia coriaria) Fruits Animals sources Cattle Rumen Begovic and Duzic (20) mucosa Bovine Mucosal Begovic and Duzic (21) membrane constitutive or inducible, showing different production patterns (7). Phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, pyrogallol, methyl gallate and tannic acid are inducers of tannase synthesis (40). Tannases are produced and optimized by various techniques such as submerged fermentation (7, 82), solid state fermentation (83) and liquid surface fermentation (1, 40). All the above processes have their own advantages and disadvantages over other fermentation methods. Submerged Fermentation (SmF) of Tannase: The industrial production of enzymes is mainly performed under SmF. Use of SmF is advantageous because of ease of sterilization and easier process control during fermentation (36). Tannic acid has been reported as an inducer for tannase synthesis under SmF and SSF, but at higher concentrations, it repressed tannase synthesis under SmF (59). An example of Dinesh Prasad et al 150 tannase production by SmF with A. niger HA37 on four-fold diluted olive mill waste (OMW) water as substrate was studied by Aissam et al. (84). Lekha and Lonsane (1) mentioned that A. niger has the ability to produce both extra and intracellular tannase in semisolid medium and the higher intracellular enzyme accumulation is due to the non-fragile nature of the cell wall or synthesis of enzyme occurring as integral membrane protein (85). Tannic acid acts as sole carbon and energy source, so the concentration of tannic acid in production medium is a crucial factor for microbial growth and tannase induction (13, 51). Maximum intracellular and extracellular enzyme synthesis occurred below 1% (w/v) of glucose in medium containing tannic acid but higher concentration of glucose repressed enzyme production (82). It has been reported that tannase is produced during the primary phase of growth in SmF and
Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy Vol. 6 (2) 145-165 April 2012, ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online) thereafter production declined. The decline in enzyme production may be due to gallic acid production which showed end-product repression (6). Recently, SmF for production of tannase has been reported by Enemuor and Odibo (10), from A. tamari IMI388810 with maximum yield at 144 h. Mondal and Pati (13) reported tannase production by SmF in different types of media using B. licheniformis KBR 6. The strain B. licheniformis KBR 6 produces tannase in the presence of tannic acid showing its inducible nature (13, 16). Addition of glucose, lactose or sucrose at higher concentrations repressed tannase production though low concentrations of glucose or lactose were not repressive (13). Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of Tannases: SSF can be defined as microbial growth on a moist solid material or as a fermentation process that takes place on solid or semisolid substrates or on an inert support in the presence of continuous gas phase and absence of free flowing water. Recent literature on SSF for tannase production (8, 59, 86, 87), claim advantages of extracellular nature and highproduction titres (3 to 6 times higher than SmF) (59). Also, in SSF the tannase produced, exhibits good stability parameters and higher tolerance to a wide range of pH and temperature (5, 88). Initial moisture content of the solid substrate is an important factor which dictates the growth of the organism and enzyme production; in the case of fungi a wider moisture range (20-70%) supports better growth and metabolic activities, but for bacteria only higher moisture content of the solid matrix can yield better performance (89). Substrates used for tannase production under SSF are wheat bran, coffee husk (45, 88, 90) paddy straw (91), jamun leaves (36), pomegranate residues, creosote bush and tar bush (86, 87). Hydrolyzable tannins are present in most of the residues from higher plants can be suitably used for tannase production under SSF. Tamarind seed powder (TSP) obtained after 151 removal of the fruit pulp from tamarind fruit pod was tested for the production of tannase under solid-state fermentation using A. niger ATCC 16620 (2). Studies have indicated tannase production by SSF rather than SmF as more advantageous. However, a large quantity of heat is generated in fermenting solids due to the microbial metabolic activity in SSF leading to rapid rise in temperature of the fermenting solid bed. The poor heat transfer through the solid substrate bed and absence of sufficient heat-exchange surface result in large moisture losses and drying of the solid substrate. Understanding the interplay of transport phenomena and biochemical reaction in various reactor configurations is important for the design, monitoring and control of SSF processes in batch systems (89, 92). In another study (93) indicated the need for more research in a continuous SSF (CSSF) strategy especially the understanding of the microbial mechanisms, the experimental system, and their interaction. The CSSF concept was translated to a laboratory-scale prototype reactor, which was built with the aim of providing adequate mixing and tested with operating times of 2-3 weeks for the production of tannase from a tannincontaining model substrate with Penicillium glabrum (94). Liquid-Surface Fermentation (LSF) of Tannase: LSF involves the growth of culture on the surface of a liquid medium at a shallow depth and held in a suitable container (40). Only few preliminary reports (63) are available on the production of tannase by liquid-surface fermentation. Production of tannase is not much advantageous and preferable in comparison to SmF and SSF as evidenced from the published reports . Tannase production by A. niger PKL 104 in the three different fermentation systems revealed that enzyme production is 2.5 and 4.8 times higher in the SSF system, as compared to those in SmF and LSF, respectively. Tannase produced by A. niger PKL 104 is exclusively Overview on production and characterization of tannases
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6th Annual Convention of Associatio
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