d(GC) - Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy
d(GC) - Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy
d(GC) - Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy
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Current Trends in <strong>Biotechnology</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pharmacy</strong><br />
Vol. 6 (2) 119-144 145-165 April 2012, ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online)<br />
Advances in Production <strong>and</strong> Characteristic Features <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbial Tannases: An Overview<br />
Dinesh Prasad, R.K. Gupta, G. Mathangi, N.R. Kamini <strong>and</strong> M.K. Gowthaman*<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Biotechnology</strong>, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai – 600020, India<br />
*For Correspondence - mkg.clri@gmail.com<br />
Abstract<br />
The enzyme tannase (tannin acyl<br />
hydrolase, E.C.3.1.1.20) has diverse<br />
applications, but are currently limited due to<br />
inadequate information on the basic<br />
characteristics such as physicochemical <strong>and</strong><br />
catalytic properties, regulation mechanisms <strong>and</strong><br />
high production cost. Tannases are gaining more<br />
scientific relevance because <strong>of</strong> their hydrolytic<br />
as well as synthetic capability in suitable solvent<br />
systems. Available art on tannases is either<br />
superficial or forms a part <strong>of</strong> other information.<br />
This review attempts to present a state-<strong>of</strong>-art <strong>and</strong><br />
detailed information on various aspects <strong>of</strong><br />
tannases, exploring scientific <strong>and</strong> technological<br />
facets, emphasizing on substrates, production,<br />
physicochemical properties, effect <strong>of</strong> inhibitors<br />
<strong>and</strong> purification strategies.<br />
Keywords: Tannin acyl hydrolase, Tannins,<br />
Purification, Characterization<br />
Introduction<br />
Tannin acyl hydrolases (E.C.3.1.1.20)<br />
commonly referred as tannases are inducible<br />
enzymes, catalyzing the hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> ester <strong>and</strong><br />
depside linkages <strong>of</strong> gallotannins to give gallic acid<br />
<strong>and</strong> glucose (1, 2), <strong>and</strong> other tannins viz.<br />
catechins <strong>and</strong> ellagicatechins to give respective<br />
products (3, 4). ‘Tannase’ is a generic term that<br />
groups a number <strong>of</strong> enzymes from different<br />
organisms that are all able to hydrolyze tannins<br />
(5). Tannases are mostly produced by<br />
145<br />
microorganisms viz. fungi, mainly Aspergillus <strong>and</strong><br />
Penicillium species (6-11), yeasts (12) <strong>and</strong><br />
bacteria (13-18), but they have also been<br />
described in plants (19) <strong>and</strong> animals (20, 21).<br />
Gallotannin-degrading esterase <strong>and</strong> depsidase<br />
from leaves <strong>of</strong> pedunculate oak (Quercus ruber)<br />
or fruit pods <strong>of</strong> divi-divi (Caesalpinia coriaria) are<br />
classified as plant tannase which closely<br />
resemble the properties <strong>of</strong> fungal tannases (19).<br />
Tannases are either membrane-bound or<br />
extracellular depending upon source <strong>and</strong> mode<br />
<strong>of</strong> cultivation, finding extensive use in food, feed,<br />
beverage, brewing, pharmaceutical <strong>and</strong> chemical<br />
industries for production <strong>of</strong> gallic acid, pyrogallol,<br />
propyl gallate, methyl gallate, tea <strong>and</strong> in<br />
clarification <strong>of</strong> beer <strong>and</strong> fruit juices (1, 22, 23)<br />
<strong>and</strong> animal feed manufacture. Tannase also has<br />
potential in the manufacture <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee flavored<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t drinks, improvement in the flavor <strong>of</strong> grape<br />
wine, as an analytical probe for determining the<br />
structures <strong>of</strong> naturally occurring gallic acid esters<br />
(24) <strong>and</strong> in treatment <strong>of</strong> industrial effluents<br />
containing tannins such as olive mill (25) <strong>and</strong><br />
leather industry waste (26).<br />
Our objectives in this review are to highlight<br />
the current findings on tannase in terms <strong>of</strong><br />
production, purification <strong>and</strong> also to showcase the<br />
salient features <strong>and</strong> findings <strong>of</strong> tannases as<br />
evidenced from a growing number <strong>of</strong> reports.<br />
Interestingly, during the last five years, the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> publications is almost equal to the total<br />
Overview on production <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> tannases