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LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS _ photo8rrph! p.8. rnowmg resn cufrur. Janr ot A.&hniorut q.ciet 6l ShNirg fr€sh crdtur! rlrtrt of B,etlbocEritat'Iwts 64 Showirg rotrry.h*d pLcd ir ovc4 pFp.rios inadoln mdium gj Showins Inbor.tory sc.lc f€rn€oilr (qp.city 5 Lit in op€nrion 86 Showing fdrnqtition rt irs!€{k 89 ErperimerDrl p.m showinS serara{c anlngcmm(! of fc.din8. ea|tring 90 8nd droppings collccrjon for @ch exDcrimcnrlt unil Showins arrng.mcnb made in thc,p.[t3 for dtoppinss co .crion b€tow 100 |n. net Srtn*ing cxpdirD.ntil clicrs killcd !|ld opencd fd &ying in ovor ofi lod I 13
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION Tle grcwing f..d industry of Patdsre ha always fac.d lhe challense oi shodage ofqrality ingredients bolh of vegerabl€ ad eimatorigin. (Anonymous, l9E8). The .xpesion rnd incEase in production @paciry of this indur.y ha! lurther brcadened th. gap beiw€en thc dcmand and supply and rhe prices of lh.se coonodilics s€lated. Althougi rhc cxpdding agriculture induiry hs atw.ys srppon.d the needs of feed indusrry but lhe equalion neve. bec.ne b.lanc.d. Th. requirements for en€r8y of rh€ slions are met onb way or the othq by a vdiery of cer€l Shins but lhe requircnenrs of rh. qualiry pror.ins arc n.vq mel wilh b€c|use of the non availabiliry of siandtrd prorein sou.ces and also of then limited suppty. This situation nccesitated att atong lhe se@h for novcl prcrein sources. The dcv.lopmenl ofsienritic methods to .nhance th. nutririvc value of exkring non coDverlional leed rsou.ces eirhq by nechoicat, chemical, physi@hemical o. bioreclnolosical mehods hat dwaF ben fie priorjty. lementalion rechnology tad been practiccd long sgo for the production of food ftom a vari.ry of matc.ials_ This is $€ p.@!, thrclgh wt,ich the carbohydare rich products, b}!@ducts .nd wasre producG ee f.menred with differenl kif,ds of microorgaxis'ns like bacrqia, y€lsr and fungi. Each typ€ has ib oM pot€ntial to urilize subshte and synlhesia the produ.rs like Drotejn. fr€e anino acids, enzymes, vit rnins and many other usefii lroducts (Aab .nd Amnir. 1994 i Bonna.det er dt t 995 ; S@narh er al l99j). A nunb.r or exp.rihenrs hav. bcen conducted iD Pokistan to iftprove rbe outrjtive value of a8rc_induslriol by- producls throuah fcootarion 6ing mic@rg.nisms for then udliuiion in
Page 1 and 2: t-,/rrr',r47c
Page 3 and 4: To The Controller of Examlnations,
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDCEMONTS . ll nnie5 lor All
Page 7 and 8: PreDrmtio. oflooculum for Bt@iba.te
Page 9 and 10: effecled by addition of I % nolasse
Page 11: LIST OF FIGUERS Flturc Tltl. Prr. I
Page 15 and 16: BrcvibrctetiM llavM. Bretibacteriw
Page 17 and 18: Hc repon€d non signifi@l difcr.nc
Page 19 and 20: under a sel of condilions: acid str
Page 21 and 22: Asperyila Iufligarts.l\e @culture s
Page 23 and 24: 20h ofculturins md 44.3 % rne.4Eh f
Page 25 and 26: ll tcchnique allowed r 54% incrcase
Page 27 and 28: l5 nunber of yeast c.ll in 10-14 h
Page 29 and 30: t1 Yogo er al. ( 1976) krmentql Cat
Page 31 and 32: l9 dd yeasi exkact in con@nrntions
Page 33 and 34: 2l Mahmood ?/ at (1990) sludicd lhe
Page 35 and 36: 2J t'oda d al. ( | 971) Iirmented s
Page 37 and 38: 'neal 25 Ba.jrach.rya and Mudse( (1
Page 39 and 40: 27 Sandhu 4d woraich ( 1983) sludi
Page 41 and 42: 29 Ilashini (1987) srudied the prod
Page 43 and 44: 3l in.lbalion- ]l'ey obseNed that v
Page 45 and 46: ll substrate in balrl n.dium ar pH
Page 47 and 48: )5 Jin €r al. (1994) succeed€d
Page 49 and 50: J7 nported lllat lhc f€mentation
Page 51 and 52: l9 Burgets (1994) dcveloped the mut
Page 53 and 54: Okmolo (1997) rcported that L-lipro
Page 55 and 56: 4i markedly inll €nced fic cGcuhu
Page 57 and 58: 45 Dods ed Kuns (f969) had5ted th.
Page 59 and 60: Ljpiosky and Litchfield (1974) repo
Page 61 and 62: srain of Cellulonore specie!. They
Page 63 and 64:
5l Enriquez and Rodriquez (1983) co
Page 65 and 66:
5l body weight gain werc rcduced ro
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55 co'nnercial diet. Feed consumpri
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter - 3 5l MATERIALS AND METHOD
Page 71 and 72:
3. Preparation of in oc|uhm for Ara
Page 73 and 74:
4.4 Setting CarboD to Nit.ogen Rati
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I'hrr L Sl,oni'r I lr'csll culfo.c
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65 Alter 48 houls it€ nrmb€r of
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6,1 Autoclaved Vs UnNutoclaved Firs
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69 X:-Xr gP = Fx YPlx q, = p xYx/s,
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1l rll $. rariom werc.djuied accord
Page 85 and 86:
1J opetrirr8 rheir abdomisal cavili
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'15 A. TO OPTIMIZE THE GROWTH CONDI
Page 89 and 90:
ablc 5. Mo t SE lde p.or€in produ
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3. DetermiDation of Optimum L€yel
Page 93 and 94:
EI I1*as obs€Ned tat !t l% levcl
Page 95 and 96:
83 periods during fmenlatioo fo! pr
Page 97 and 98:
E5 Phac lI1. Showib rotrrv lhrker p
Page 99 and 100:
87 candido utilis and ewn dqty linc
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89 Plat€ V. Showins fermcntalion
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L 2. l. 4. 5. 9l Overview for A- ar
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t] biomass harvested unde. two cond
Page 107 and 108:
95 haN*ted aner 72 houB of ferm€n
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O.,4dvrm in srnerghn wirh the yeasr
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99 averae. true protein valu4 of th
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0l Growth Kinetics For l}te explan.
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I ; 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3 2 1 0 -1
Page 117 and 118:
105 C. NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF BI
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lnniring diDo acid es wa rcported b
Page 121 and 122:
t09 Similar ro fed consumpriotr the
Page 123 and 124:
2.5 Protein Elliciency Ratio (PER)
Page 125 and 126:
I tl l'hte Vlll Showi'rg cxperincnr
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||5 SUMMARY Rice polishings is a by
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|7 Dds lbdned was 0.5 ed 0.7013 for
Page 131 and 132:
lt9 BIBLIOGRAPHY AbdelHanreed,N.A.A
Page 133 and 134:
l2l Beneke,E.S. 1955. M€dical Myc
Page 135 and 136:
l2J Daghir,N.J. and J-L.SeX. 1962_
Page 137 and 138:
125 Cimnl,R.F.. M.ElSawy, E.M.R.mad
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127 I lubbell.C.H. I 990 Feed Stuff
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129 .ohp.$r&. Appl.Miqobiol.Biot ch
Page 143 and 144:
llt Panaiobv,K.ll., A.Ar.v, L.Damyd
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ShojaoBdati.S-A. .nd M.N.chazlj. 19
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135 V"[OS$ !?3.. Pldir dt br of nrt
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NuEicn crudc Fibr. EIbE;d N.F.E C.l
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oil !5.00 ":oo lz0o 3300 2200 2500
Page 153 and 154:
A!?.dir-vl ADlti. of n l@.fin turtl
Page 155 and 156:
. sbdfqd (Pd.ot) IrlS Ald)rir of v.
Page 157 and 158:
t45 AFadix-X: Ad'tndv'.ic.ofd-dwirr
Page 159 and 160:
147 Alp.ldix-Xll ADdrrir of!{drn .
Page 161 and 162:
App6dix-XIV: Aidyrk ofwidc. oflh. d
Page 163 and 164:
ADFft-XU: A!.Bd. ortrlF turhr.&.r o
Page 165 and 166:
Apt odit-xvle Arttn of whE ofrbdr-o
Page 167 and 168:
I5J Ap'codtx.lo( A.d}n ofyrirE ofdd
Page 169 and 170:
t57 Ar!.odir-)Ofil ofrrttt4. oftb d
Page 171 and 172:
. 3i9i6cd1(P4.0t) z 0.ml 159 0.631
Page 173 and 174:
I6l isnir.d in lhc numc tumac€ a(
Page 175 and 176:
3, Eslidlr|iotr ofcrrbotr l6! 'nc f
Page 177 and 178:
165 4. Estimation ofTrue Protein (T
Page 179 and 180:
t67 (5 mL) m'C for 15 ninurq and ca
Page 181:
169 added and lhe volurnes werc mad
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