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Building Design and Construction Handbook - Merritt - Ventech!

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SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS 6.99<br />

FIGURE 6.44 (d) dry augering into cohesive soil after sealing; (e) forming a bell.<br />

(After O’Neill <strong>and</strong> Reese. Reproduced from R. B. Peck, W. E. Hanson, <strong>and</strong> T. H.<br />

Thornburn, ‘‘Foundation Engineering,’’ John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.)<br />

(Continued )<br />

1. Easements. The first step in the grading operation is to determine the location<br />

of any on-site utilities <strong>and</strong> easements. The on-site utilities <strong>and</strong> easements often<br />

need protection so that they are not damaged during the grading operation.<br />

2. Clearing, Brushing, <strong>and</strong> Grubbing. Clearing, brushing, <strong>and</strong> grubbing are defined<br />

as the removal of vegetation (grass, brush, trees, <strong>and</strong> similar plant types)<br />

by mechanical means. It is important that this debris be removed from the site<br />

<strong>and</strong> not accidentally placed within the structural fill mass.<br />

3. Cleanouts. This grading process deals with the removal of unsuitable bearing<br />

material at the site, such as loose or porous alluvium, colluvium, peat, muck,<br />

<strong>and</strong> uncompacted fill.<br />

4. Benching (Hillside Areas). Benching is defined as the excavation of relatively<br />

level steps into earth material on which fill is to be placed.<br />

5. Canyon Subdrain. A subdrain is defined as a pipe <strong>and</strong> gravel or similar drainage<br />

system placed in the alignment of canyons or former drainage channels.<br />

After placement of the subdrain, structural fill is placed on top of the subdrain.<br />

6. Scarifying <strong>and</strong> Recompaction. In flat areas that have not been benched, scarifying<br />

<strong>and</strong> recompaction of the ground surface is performed by compaction<br />

equipment in order to get a good bond between the in-place material <strong>and</strong> compacted<br />

fill.

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