An Evaluation of Dracunculiasis and the Intervention Strategies

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5.11 EFFECTS OF ABATE (TEMEPHOS) APPLICATION ON THE CYCLOPOID COPEPOID DENSITIES IN BORNO STATE - - - - - - 166 5.12 THE COST IMPLICATION OF GUINEA WORM PROGRAMME IN BORNO STATE - - - - 167 5.13 IMPEDIMENTS OF THE ERADICATION PROGRAMME IN BORNO STATE - - - - - - 168 5.14 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION - - 171 5.15 SUMMARY OF RESULTS - - - - 173 5.16 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE - - - 175 5.17 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES - - 176 REFERENCES - - - - - - - 177 APPENDICES - - - - - - - 198 xi
xii LIST OF TABLES 1 Reported cases of Dracunculiasis and the Number Contained in the Endemic Villages of Borno State (1995-2007) - - - - - - - 96 2 Current Cases of Dracunculiasis During 2003/ 2004 Survey in Borno State - - - - 98 3 Dracunculiasis as Observed in the Various Villages of Borno State that Were Still Endemic (2003/2004 Survey) - - - - - 99 Page 4 Dracunculiasis in the Various Age and Sexes of the Individuals During 2003/2004 Survey in Borno State 101 5 Sources of Water and Prevalence of Dracunculiasis - 102 6 Guinea worm Cases in Relation to the Occupational Status of the Individuals in Borno State - - - 104 7 Indigenous and Imported Cases of Guinea worm Encountered in Borno State During 2003/2004 - - 105 8: Status of Interventions and Natural Sources of Water in Endemic Villages of Borno State - - 110 9: Number of Villages in the Various Endemic Local Government Areas of Borno State that have Received Health Education - - - - - - 112 10 Use of Filter in Dracunculiasis Endemic Villages of Borno State - - - - - - 115 11 Proportion of Villages Receiving New Water Supply in Endemic Villages of Borno State - - - 118 12 Types of New Water Supply Provided to Endemic Villages of Borno State - - - - 119 13 Status of Water Supply in the Endemic Villages of Borno State - - - - - - - 120 14 Number of villages that have Village-Based Health Workers (VBHWs) in the study Area of Borno State - 123 15 Proportion of Villages in Borno State Where Infected People Received Treatment During the2003/2004 Survey 125
Page 1 and 2: AN EVALUATION OF DRACUNCULIASIS AND
Page 3 and 4: ii CERTIFICATION This is to certify
Page 5 and 6: iv Dr. D. P. Yakubu, Mr. G. T. Tark
Page 7 and 8: vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION
Page 9 and 10: viii CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND ME
Page 11: 4.14 EFFECT OF ABATE LARVICIDE ON C
Page 15 and 16: xiv LIST OF FIGURES 1 Life Cycle of
Page 17 and 18: xvi LIST OF APPENDICES A1 LOCAL GOV
Page 19 and 20: 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 DEFI
Page 21 and 22: 3 (Onabamiro, 1952; Belcher et al.
Page 23 and 24: 5 cyclops and after two weeks in th
Page 25 and 26: 7 of which would lead to a reductio
Page 27 and 28: OYO OGUN KEBBI LAGOS KWARA EKITI OS
Page 29 and 30: 11 production in a fertile area of
Page 31 and 32: 13 worm, the fiery serpent”, was
Page 33 and 34: 15 and subsequent case searches to
Page 35 and 36: 17 Food, Roads, and Rural Infrastru
Page 37 and 38: 19 while these measures could help
Page 39 and 40: 21 infection would have been obviou
Page 41 and 42: 23 It is very likely that in many p
Page 43 and 44: No. of Reported Cases 6,000 5,000 4
Page 45 and 46: 27 studied cyclops prefer a pH rang
Page 47 and 48: 29 process is repeated a few times
Page 49 and 50: 31 (Kinare et al. 1962), urinogenit
Page 51 and 52: 33 cyclops. Raffier (1966), Oduntan
Page 53 and 54: 35 effective against dracunculiasis
Page 55 and 56: 37 demand. There is seasonal variat
Page 57 and 58: 39 strategies which cannot be measu
Page 59 and 60: 41 Most of the ponds involved in tr
Page 61 and 62: 43 the set of villages susceptible
Page 63 and 64:
2.10.4 Individual Risk Factors 45 T
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47 dracunculiasis by the end of 199
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2.12 INTERVENTIONS 49 Given the tra
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51 fields and used to drink from po
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53 but they were specifically exclu
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55 and applied it in India, and wit
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57 steam to kill cyclops in Indian
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59 experimentation they found that
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61 activities. The Nairobi particip
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63 integration into the PHC program
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65 caused by Chlamydia trachomatis)
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67 sub-national levels in the count
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69 All the countries with dracuncul
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3.1 THE STUDY AREA 71 CHAPTER THREE
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73 Figure 5: Map of Bama and Dikwa
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75 recorded cases of guinea worm fr
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77 the emergence of a guinea worm i
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79 Prior to this, members of each c
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Abate Application 81 Questions were
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83 or from a member of the househol
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85 E. Case Containment/Management S
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87 width, length and depth were the
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89 litre of water was obtained by d
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91 who reported cases to the VBHWs.
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Number of Reported Cases 18,000 16,
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Number of Reported Cases 2500 2000
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97 another. It was also observed th
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Table 3: Dracunculiasis as Observed
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101 Table 4: Distribution of Dracun
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103 4.6 PREVALENCE OF GUINEA WORM I
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105 Table 7: Indigenous and Importe
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No. of Cases 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Jul
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109 4.10 THE STATUS OF INTERVENTION
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4.10.1 Health Education (HE) 111 Th
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113 Plate II: Nomads and Farmers Re
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115 Table 10: Use of Filter in Drac
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117 Plate IV: Nomadic Farmers Using
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119 Table 12: Types 0f New Water Su
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121 the HDWs were provided by Borno
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123 Table 14: Number of Villages th
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125 Table 15: Villages in Borno Sta
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127 Plate VII: A Typical Case Conta
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129 the course of this study were g
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131 “Burutu”, in Hausa it was k
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4.11.2 Attitudes 133 The 5000 (100%
Page 153 and 154:
The Cash Reward Strategy 135 All th
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137 Table 18: Density and Infectivi
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No. of Cyclops 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 July
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141 obtained 2 weeks after applicat
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143 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION AND CON
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145 of Borno State during 2003/2004
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147 Sex-related prevalence of dracu
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149 during the dry and rainy season
Page 169 and 170:
151 the beginning of the dry season
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153 disease caused damages on the t
Page 173 and 174:
155 properly dressed to prevent con
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157 Statistical Summary, 2001, 2002
Page 177 and 178:
159 hand-dug-well. Secondly, the we
Page 179 and 180:
161 5.8.1 THE SUCCESSES OF THE ERAD
Page 181 and 182:
163 communities (Ameh, 1995). Edung
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165 villages in which infected cycl
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167 However, the results obtained w
Page 187 and 188:
169 field staff to various villages
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171 5.14 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLU
Page 191 and 192:
5.15 SUMMARY OF RESULTS 173 Review
Page 193 and 194:
175 5.16 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE
Page 195 and 196:
177 REFERENCES Abolarin, M.O. (1981
Page 197 and 198:
179 Boxshall, G.A. and Braide, E.I.
Page 199 and 200:
181 Duke, B.O.L. (1984). Filtering
Page 201 and 202:
183 Geoneratne, B.W.M. (1969). An a
Page 203 and 204:
185 Hopkins, D. R., Ruiz-Tiben, E.,
Page 205 and 206:
187 Lyons, G.R.L. (1972). Guinea wo
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189 Nigeria Guinea worm Eradication
Page 209 and 210:
191 Onwuliri, C.O.E., Obi, R.C. and
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193 Shafel, A.Z. (1976). Preliminar
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195 Withers, P.C.Jr (1989). Methodo
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197 World Health Organization (2002
Page 217 and 218:
199 NAME OF NO. OF ESTIMATED NO. OF
Page 219 and 220:
L.G.A. NAME OF VILLAGE BAMA Bula Ng
Page 221 and 222:
L.G.A. NAME OF VILLAGE 203 NO. OF H
Page 223 and 224:
205 APPENDIX A3: QUESTIONNAIRE AN E
Page 225 and 226:
207 Appendix B1: Chi-Square of the
Page 227 and 228:
209 Appendix B3: T-test Analysis of
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An Evaluation of Dracunculiasis and the Intervention Strategies

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