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54 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [April, Castle, Pa., exploded on February 35tli. The brick-work and roof of the boiler-))ou.se- were torn to pieces and hurled in all directions. No person was injured. (65.)— The boiler in Egbert Naylor's large mill near Leatherwood, Ky., exploded on February 25th. Washington Hudson, the fireman, was blown 100 feet away, and is- likely to die from his injuries. ! (66.) — On February 28th a boiler exploded in Marthaville, Ont. James Duncan and his engineer were killed, and a man named [McKensie fatally injured. Leidenfpost's Phenomenon. Elsewhere in this issue we have acknowledged the receipt of a paper on this subject by the distinguished Italian engineer, Alfredo Gilardi. The phenomenon leferred to is commonly known as the " spheroidal state" of w-ater, and many boiler explosions have been attributed to it. In our own experience with boilers we have never found it necessary to invoke any such cause to account for explosions, for, as a general rule, they can be exjilained in much more obvious and probable ways. Engineer Gilardi's essay on the subject is of considerable interest, and a translation of it is given below : " It is known that when a liquid at the ordinary temperature is poured upon a red- hot plate of metal, instead of wetting the plate and evaporating rapidly, it assumes a spheroidal form. The mass evaporates slowly at the surface, and is so mobile as toremind one forcibly of a drop of quicksilver; and after a certain interval it flashes sud- denly into vajior. This behavior is due to the fact that between the liquid drop and the hot metallic plate an atmosphei-e of saturated steam is»formed, which has a pressure sufficient to sustain the weight of the drop and prevent it from coming into direct contact with the metal. As the metal below the dro]) gradually cools there comes a time when the tension of the film of steam is no longer sufficient to support the liquid spheroid, which immediately comes in contact with the plate, and is immediately converted into vapor, transforming the heat-energy it receives into mechanical energy. " It was formerly taught and maintained by the majority of persons that when the liquid mass and the surface at high temperature are large, and are contained in a hermet- ically sealed enclosure (for instance a steam boiler), the rise in pressure may be so great as to exceed the tensile strength of the material of which the receptacle itself is made, and bring about an explosion. And how many boiler explosions have been erroneously attributed to this cause " The object of the present paper is to demonstrate tjiat, even if we admit the i)ossi- bility of Leidenfrost's phenomenon occurring in a boiler, we should have, as the necessary result of it, a diminution of the pressure; and hence, that not one steam boiler explosion can be ascribed to this cause. " It will be convenient to make various hypotheses and study them separately. We shall first assume the boiler to be fed with cold water, which comes in contact with a plate at a temperature of 800° Centigrade [1472° Fall.], and that the spheroidal state is not produced. In this case the water will quickly absorb the excess of heat contained in the plate, and a corresponding production of steam will occur; the pressure in the boiler will rise, and, if it becomes great enough, the safety-valve will open and the excess of steam be discharged through it. "If we next assume the spheroidal state to occur, the water will evaporate slowdy until the temperature of the plate has fallen to 200° or 300° Centigrade [say -iWP to 600*
189:j.l Till-: I.OC'O.MO ri VH. 55 Fah. ], after wliich tin- water will conic in come in contact with the cooled metal, which now contains only a fraction of the heat it had in the case of the first hypothesis and will therefore i^enerate steam slowly at the pressiire already existing in the boiler. From the law of e(iiiilil)rinm in temperatures, it follows that the temperature, and therefore the pressure, in the boiler must diminish. "The consi
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Page 12 and 13: THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January, a o o M -
Page 14 and 15: 6 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January. In both
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Page 20 and 21: 42 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January, Sit «
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Page 24 and 25: 16 TlIK hOCOMO'J'i Vi.. Incorporate
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Page 40 and 41: 32 Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTIV
Page 42 and 43: 34 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [March, pressure
Page 44 and 45: 36 T II E L () C O yi O T l\E. [Mar
Page 46 and 47: 38 'i^il^ LOCOMOTl V i:. [Makcu, (1
Page 48 and 49: 40 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [March, art & Co
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Page 52 and 53: 44 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Makch, should h
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Page 56 and 57: 48 Incorporated 1866. THE LOC (J MO
Page 58 and 59: 50 THE L O C O 31 U T I ^' E , [Apr
Page 60 and 61: 52 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [April, (This is
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Page 68 and 69: ,60 THE LOCOMOTIVE. L-^p«il, nortl
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Page 72 and 73: 64t Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTI
Page 74 and 75: 66 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [May, much as we
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Page 80 and 81: 72 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [May, Boiler Exp
Page 82 and 83: 74 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [May, HARTFORD,
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Page 86 and 87: '^8 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Ma\% coat-tail
Page 90 and 91: 82 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [June,
Page 92 and 93: 84 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [June, Boiler Ex
Page 94 and 95: 86 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [June, (105.)
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Page 98 and 99: go THE LOCOMOTIVE. [JrxE, Mkt Elttt
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Page 102 and 103: •94 THE LOCOMOTIVE [June, .21 ia
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104 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July, " The am
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106 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July, tttSttlt
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-iQQ THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July, and als
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110 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July without t
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112 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July. Incorpor
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114 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, to whi
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116 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, tion.
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118 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, (147.)
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-120 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, A lar
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•J22 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, git
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124 THE LOCOMOTIVE [August, hard en
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126 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, The Bu
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128 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August. Incorp
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^30 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September, pau
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132 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September,. iu
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-[34 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September, Fi
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136 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [September, .35
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138 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [September, add
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140 THE LOCOMOTIVE lSeptember, On a
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d42 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September, cas
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144 Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTI
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146 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Octobek, in pl
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i48 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Natur
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[50 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Curti
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•152 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Octobeb, an
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^54 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Octobeb, Mkt e
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-[56 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Tlie
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158 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Of co
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162 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [November, that
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: 16^4 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [XOVEMLER, I
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166 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [November, boil
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168 THE LOCOMOTIVE. Sit Ktttmttit c
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170 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [November, KILL
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172 THE LOCOMOTIVE [November, Boile
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174 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [:November, sel
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178 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, grap
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: 180 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, In
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^82 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, that
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184 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, HART
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186 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, The
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188 THE LOCOMOTIVE [Decembeb, angle
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190 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, Such
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i92 Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTI
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INDEX, Equivalent of heat, redeterm
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