Volume 90, Number 1 - California Historical Society

91; D. Fairchild Ruggles, “Representation
and Identity in Medieval Spain: Beatus
Manuscripts and the Mud jar Churches of
Teruel,” in Languages of Power in Islamic
Spain, ed. Ross Brann, (Bethesda, Maryland:
CDL Press, 1997), 99–12, esp.103.
Ruggles even speculates that the Christian
kings used Islamic ornamentation to create
a Spanish “identity” and reject French
influence. Cisneros quoted in R. Brooks
Jeffrey, “From Azulejos to Zaguanes: The
Islamic Legacy in the Built Environment of
Hispano-America,” Journal of the Southwest
45 (Spring-Summer 2003): 289–327. The
exact quotation reads, “They lack our faith,
but we lack their works.”
39
Elena Lourie, “A Society Organized for
War: Medieval Spain,” Past and Present 35
(Dec. 1966): 54–76, esp. 67–8.
40
Qur’an, 8:9
41
Adolf, “Christendom and Islam in the
Middle Ages,” esp. 107–9. Also see Javier
Domínguez García, “Santiago Mataindios:
La continuación de un discurso medieval en
la Nueve España,” Nueva Revista de Filología
Hispánica, 54, no. 1 (2006): 33–56 (41).
42
Luce López-Baralt, Islam in Spanish Literature:
From the Middle Ages to the Present
(Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill 1992), 25.
43
Elena Lourie discusses, and dismisses,
the possibility that the Knights Templar
inspired the rise of Spain’s military societies.
See “The Confraternity,” 159–70.
44
Matthew 5–7; Mark 12:17; John 18:36.
45
Jay Rubenstein, Armies of Heaven: The
First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse
(New York: Basic Books, 2011), 24.
46
Lourie, “The Confraternity,” 164n.23.
47 Alfred L. Kroeber, “Stimulus Diffusion,”
American Anthropologist 42, no. 1 (Jan.–Mar.,
1940): 1–20, esp. 1–2, 20. Also consult Lourie,
“The Confraternity,” 163–64; Thomas
Glick and Oriol Pi-Sunyer, “Acculturation as
an Explanatory Concept in Spanish History,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History
11, no. 2 (1969): 136–54, esp. 151–52; Glick,
“Muhtasib and Mustasaf: A Case Study of
Institutional Diffusion,” Viator 2 (1971):
59–81; and Dodds, Menocal, and Babale,
The Arts of Intimacy, esp.130–31. All references
to Kroeber will draw on these other
works that use his ideas to discuss the
spread of Muslim ideas to Christians.
48
For one more view on the matter, see
Andrew Wheatcroft, Infidels: A History of the
Conflict Between Christendom and Islam (New
York: Random House, 2003), chapter 3,
eBook, http://books.google.com/books?id=p
2QM1fKXOggC&printsec=frontcover&
source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onep
age&q&f=false.
49
Qur’an 4:74: “Let those who fight in the
way of Allah who sell the life of this world
for the other. Whoever fights in the way
of Allah, and he is slain, or is victorious,
on him We shall bestow a vast reward.”
Muwatta, Verse 21.15.34 emphasizes the
rewards awaiting the warrior who sacrifices
himself during wartime: “Being slain is but
one way of meeting death, and the martyr
is the one who gives himself, expectant of
reward from Allah.”
50
St. Bernard, “”De Laudibus Novae Militiae”
or “In Praise of the New Knighthood,”
http://webpages.charter.net/sn9/notebooks/
bernard.html.
51
Zamanin, supposedly citing a hadith
(teaching of Muhammad), in Marín, “La
práctica del ribat en al-Andalus,” esp. 197;
Rubenstein, Armies of Heaven, 24.
52
Rubenstein, Armies of Heaven, 24.
53
Ibid., 23–25. For more on the example
of ribat, see Lourie, “The Confraternity,”
167–68, 174.
54
See Roberto Marín Guzmán, “Jihad vs.
Cruzada en al-Andalus: La Reconquista
española como ideología a partir del siglo
XI y sus proyecciones en la colonización de
América, Revista de Historia de América no.
131 (Jul.–Dec., 2002): 9–65.
55
Lourie, “The Confraternity,” 167.
56
Ibid., 165–66, 169.
57
Canon 10, The First Lateran Council,
http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/
ecumo9/htm.
58
Cited in Angus MacKay, “Religion, Culture
and Ideology on the Late Medieval
Castilian-Granadan Frontier,” Medieval Frontier
Societies, ed. Robert Bartlett and Angus
MacKay (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1989),
229.
59
Some scholars say the struggle against
the Muslims had nothing to do with the
conquest of the Americas. See Charles
Gibson, “Reconquista and Conquista,” in
Homage to Irving A. Leonard: Essays on Hispanic
Art, History and Literature, ed. Raquel
Chang-Rodríguez and Donald A. Yates (East
Lansing: Michigan State University, 1977),
19–28.
60
Miguel Asín Palacios, Islam and the Divine
Comedy, tr. and ed. Harold Sutherland (London:
Frank Cass and Co., Ltd., 1968 [1926]),
243n.1.
61
Lourie, “A Society Organized for War,” 67.
62
Castro, The Structure of Spanish History,
205.
63
George Kubler, “Mexican Urbanism in the
Sixteenth Century,” The Art Bulletin 24, no.
2 (June 1942): 160–71, esp. 166–68; T. B.
Irving, “Arab Craftsmanship in Spain and
America,” The Arab World 15 (Sept. 1969):
18–26, esp. 25. Also consult Manuel Toussaint,
Arte Mudéjar en America (Mexico, D.
F: Editorial Porrua, 1946), 26.
64
The quotation comes from a letter cited
by Palóu. Father Francisco García Figueroa
and Father Manuel Camino to Father Francisco
Palóu, March 12, 1787, in Francisco
Palóu, Historical Account of the Life and Apostolic
Labors of the Venerable Father Junípero
Serra, ed. George Wharton James, trans. C.
Scott Williams (Pasadena: George Wharton
James, 1913), xxix–xxxi.
65
Francisco López de Gómara, The Life
of the Conqueror by His Secretary, ed. and
trans., Lesley Byrd Simpson (Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1964), 113–14.
66
Cited in D. A. Brading, Prophecy and Myth
in Mexican History (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1984), 11.
67
Cited in Herbert Bolton, “The Mission
as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-
American Colonies,” The American Historical
Review 23, no. 1 (Oct. 1917): 42–61.
68
Fray Isidro Felix de Espinosa, Crónica de
los colegios de propaganda fide de la Nueva
España (México, 1746), ed. Lino G. Canedo,
O.F.M. (Washington, DC: American Academy
of Franciscan History, 1964), frontispiece.
The quotation is attributed to José
Mariano Beristain de Souza, Biblioteca Hispano-Americano
Septentrional (México, 1816).
69
Hugh Hamill, The Hidalgo Revolt (Gainesville:
University of Florida Press, 1966),
122–23.
70
D.A. Brading, The First America: The
Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the
Liberal State (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1991), 578–81.
65