April 2011 - Centre for Civil Society - University of KwaZulu-Natal
April 2011 - Centre for Civil Society - University of KwaZulu-Natal April 2011 - Centre for Civil Society - University of KwaZulu-Natal
kowayengumqondisi uHoward Davies, osule ngenyanga edlule ngenxa yalelihlazo lenza ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwalesisikhungo neLibya “kubenze bacabange ukuthi ikhona imali yokuphiwa eyayisazofika.” Umbhalo kaSaif wokuthola ijazi lobudokotela obizwa ngokuthi, “Indima edlalwa imiphakathi ekwenzeni kokubuswa ngentando yeningi ezinhlakeni zemibuso,” kulombhalo wakhe uyakuxhasa ukubusa komuntu oyedwa nokuthi kufanele azivikele lapho ebusa. Ukuvukelwa kombuso womndeni kaGaddafi yizakhamizi zaseLibya ezifuna ukubuswa ngentando yeningi kufanele uhlanganyele yibobonke abamelene nokucwaswa ngebala, njengokuba uMuammar Gaddafi atshela uNdunankulu waseItaly uSilvio Berlusconi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, iLibya ibizimisele uma izonikwa imali ukuvimbela abantu baseAfrika ababalekela eItaly ukuthi abafinyeleli khona: Asazi ukuthi bazokwenzenjani abamhlphe kanye namaKrestu ezizwe zaseNyakatho uma ebhekene nesimo sokufika kwezakhamizi zaseAfrika ezilambile futhi ezingamaqaba. Asazi noma amazwe aseNyakatho ayoqhubeka engamazwe abumbene nanobuchwepheshe, noma yocekelwa phansi, njengoba wenzeka behlaselwa yizidlamlilo ngaphambilini.” Okusho ukuthi lendoda ebihlale inephupho lokuba ‘Inkosi yaseAfrika’ ayinankolelo yokuthi abantu nabo bangaba nesandla ekubusweni kwabo, njengokusho kombhalo wendondana yayo uSaif lapho ethi umbuso kungaba “obanjwe isithathu okuyimiphakathi, abahwebi njengabavoti futhi abangahlanganyela ezinqumeni ezithathwa uhulumeni ezinhlakeni ezifana neUnited Nations, nezinhlaka ezifana noBretton Woods, noWorld Trade Organisation kanye nezinye izinhlaka zomhlaba wonke ezibusayo.” Empeleni, eziningi zalezizinhlaka, lokhu kungasheshe kucaciswe-nje ukuthi nazo zinokucekela phansi njengawo umndeni wakwaGaddafi, uma sekuza ekubusweni ngentando yeningi. Emiphakathini kanye nobulungiswa. Kodwa umbhalo womqulu kaSaif wawubhekene “nokubhekelana nentuthuko emiphakathini ekubeni yingxenye yomphakathi nayo ethatha izinqumo ngokubuswa kwayo” okuyokwenza “kube nobulungiswa futhi kuzuze wonke umuntu emhlabeni.” Uma sibheka manje amandla okubuswa komhalaba wonke kanye nangemuso, lombhalo ukhombisa umuntu ongnalwazi olunzulu. USolwazi osewadlula emhlabeni weLondon School of Economics uFred Halliday wayemelene kakhulu nohlelo lukaHeld ngeLibya, waze wabhala ngenyanga kaOctoba ka2009 kwisigungu esingamele lesisikhungo wathi, “Sengikhulume kaningana ngokuthi ngiyakwexwaya ukuthi kubekhona ubudlelwane bezemfundo kanye nokuphiwa izimali naleliyalizwe.” Esinye isizathu salokho ukuthi uSaif wayesebenzisa izimali ezingcolile ezaziqhamuka “kubahwebi ababefuna ukwenza uhwebo, njengokuthola izinkontileka, nokusebenza eLibya, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zamafutha kanye negesi.” Esephetha uHalliday wathi, “ILibya akukho mizamo eyenzile ukuvikela malungelo ezakhamizi, kanye nabasebenzi bokufika, futhi iyaqhubeka ukuba izwe elibuswa ngemfihlo, ngokuhlakazeka kanye nangenkohlakalo.” USaif nje yena-ke, kusho uHaliday, “eLibya njengasemazweni afana neEgypt, neSaudi Arabia. neIran umsebenzi omkhulu wabantu abafana naye akukhona ukwenza umehluko, kodwa ukufinyelela ezinqumeni ezixhasa ukubusa kondluvuyangena ukuze imiphakathi engaphandle ingayifaki ingcindezi okuthi kube khona ushintsho.”
Iyona-ke indlela uSaif ebexhaphaza ngayo umqulu wombhalo wakhe wejazi lobudokotela ukuthi imiphakathi ingaqondwa kanjani: njengabahlanganyela okwesikhashana nobulwane baseLibya okumanje obubhekene nokungafaniswa nokukhululeka, esekulahlekelwe izithutha zaseLondon. (UPatrick Bond uzinze eUKZN Centre for Civil Society.) Oil, despotism and philanthropic tokenism Nnimmo Bassey First Published in Pambazuka 14 March 2011 Without doubt’, the crude oil business ‘is the stuff that oils the machinery of despotism’ and that ‘blinds the world to the bloods that flow on the streets as people fight for liberty’, writes Nnimmo Bassey. Equatorial Guinea sits in the heart of Africa and is the fourth highest producer of crude oil in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria, Angola, and Sudan. It has reaped huge revenues from crude oil sales since 1995 when commercial export began, although discovery of the product was made in the 1960s. It is one country whose political experience will make the years of brute military rule in Nigeria a mere child's play in comparison. The current maximum ruler of that country took over power in a bloody military coup in 1979, eleven years after that country's independence from Spain. At that time, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was a Lieutenant Colonel and his uncle, Francisco Macia Nguema, was the president. He is said to have personally supervised the execution of his uncle by firing squad and has reigned supreme over the country of less than a million people since then. The nation's GDP of about $37,900 is many times above that of Nigeria. The truth, however, is that the high GDP does not translate to a better life for the people. Since the ascendancy of crude oil as a major income earner, other aspects of the economy, especially production of agricultural produce such as cocoa, have suffered neglect. Does that not remind you of Nigeria? While looking up on President Nguema, one could not avoid visiting the pages of Wikipedia where parts of the entry on this man reveals the following: "In July 2003, state-operated radio declared Obiang to be a god who is "in permanent contact with the Almighty" and "can decide to kill without anyone calling him to account and without going to hell." He personally made similar comments in 1993. Despite these comments, he still claims that he is a devout Catholic and was invited to the Vatican by John Paul II and again by Benedict XVI. Macías had also proclaimed himself a god.' STANDING UP TO THE DESPOT The president, his family, relatives, and friends are said to own most businesses in the country. With the severe curtailment of freedom in the country, it has come as a vent of fresh air when the writer, Juan Tomas Avila Laurel, called for change and embarked on a hunger strike demanding an end to the despotic reign in his country. In a letter to Jose Bono Martinez, the president of Spanish parliament, dated 11 February 2011, Mr. Laurel states among other things that,
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kowayengumqondisi uHoward Davies, osule ngenyanga edlule ngenxa<br />
yalelihlazo lenza ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwalesisikhungo neLibya “kubenze<br />
bacabange ukuthi ikhona imali yokuphiwa eyayisaz<strong>of</strong>ika.”<br />
Umbhalo kaSaif wokuthola ijazi lobudokotela obizwa ngokuthi, “Indima<br />
edlalwa imiphakathi ekwenzeni kokubuswa ngentando yeningi ezinhlakeni<br />
zemibuso,” kulombhalo wakhe uyakuxhasa ukubusa komuntu oyedwa<br />
nokuthi kufanele azivikele lapho ebusa.<br />
Ukuvukelwa kombuso womndeni kaGaddafi yizakhamizi zaseLibya ezifuna<br />
ukubuswa ngentando yeningi kufanele uhlanganyele yibobonke abamelene<br />
nokucwaswa ngebala, njengokuba uMuammar Gaddafi atshela uNdunankulu<br />
waseItaly uSilvio Berlusconi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, iLibya<br />
ibizimisele uma izonikwa imali ukuvimbela abantu baseAfrika ababalekela<br />
eItaly ukuthi abafinyeleli khona: Asazi ukuthi bazokwenzenjani abamhlphe<br />
kanye namaKrestu ezizwe zaseNyakatho uma ebhekene nesimo sokufika<br />
kwezakhamizi zaseAfrika ezilambile futhi ezingamaqaba. Asazi noma<br />
amazwe aseNyakatho ayoqhubeka engamazwe abumbene<br />
nanobuchwepheshe, noma yocekelwa phansi, njengoba wenzeka<br />
behlaselwa yizidlamlilo ngaphambilini.”<br />
Okusho ukuthi lendoda ebihlale inephupho lokuba ‘Inkosi yaseAfrika’<br />
ayinankolelo yokuthi abantu nabo bangaba nesandla ekubusweni kwabo,<br />
njengokusho kombhalo wendondana yayo uSaif lapho ethi umbuso kungaba<br />
“obanjwe isithathu okuyimiphakathi, abahwebi njengabavoti futhi<br />
abangahlanganyela ezinqumeni ezithathwa uhulumeni ezinhlakeni ezifana<br />
neUnited Nations, nezinhlaka ezifana noBretton Woods, noWorld Trade<br />
Organisation kanye nezinye izinhlaka zomhlaba wonke ezibusayo.”<br />
Empeleni, eziningi zalezizinhlaka, lokhu kungasheshe kucaciswe-nje ukuthi<br />
nazo zinokucekela phansi njengawo umndeni wakwaGaddafi, uma sekuza<br />
ekubusweni ngentando yeningi. Emiphakathini kanye nobulungiswa. Kodwa<br />
umbhalo womqulu kaSaif wawubhekene “nokubhekelana nentuthuko<br />
emiphakathini ekubeni yingxenye yomphakathi nayo ethatha izinqumo<br />
ngokubuswa kwayo” okuyokwenza “kube nobulungiswa futhi kuzuze wonke<br />
umuntu emhlabeni.”<br />
Uma sibheka manje amandla okubuswa komhalaba wonke kanye<br />
nangemuso, lombhalo ukhombisa umuntu ongnalwazi olunzulu.<br />
USolwazi osewadlula emhlabeni weLondon School <strong>of</strong> Economics uFred<br />
Halliday wayemelene kakhulu nohlelo lukaHeld ngeLibya, waze wabhala<br />
ngenyanga kaOctoba ka2009 kwisigungu esingamele lesisikhungo wathi,<br />
“Sengikhulume kaningana ngokuthi ngiyakwexwaya ukuthi kubekhona<br />
ubudlelwane bezemfundo kanye nokuphiwa izimali naleliyalizwe.” Esinye<br />
isizathu salokho ukuthi uSaif wayesebenzisa izimali ezingcolile<br />
ezaziqhamuka “kubahwebi ababefuna ukwenza uhwebo, njengokuthola<br />
izinkontileka, nokusebenza eLibya, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zamafutha<br />
kanye negesi.”<br />
Esephetha uHalliday wathi, “ILibya akukho mizamo eyenzile ukuvikela<br />
malungelo ezakhamizi, kanye nabasebenzi bokufika, futhi iyaqhubeka<br />
ukuba izwe elibuswa ngemfihlo, ngokuhlakazeka kanye nangenkohlakalo.”<br />
USaif nje yena-ke, kusho uHaliday, “eLibya njengasemazweni afana<br />
neEgypt, neSaudi Arabia. neIran umsebenzi omkhulu wabantu abafana<br />
naye akukhona ukwenza umehluko, kodwa ukufinyelela ezinqumeni<br />
ezixhasa ukubusa kondluvuyangena ukuze imiphakathi engaphandle<br />
ingayifaki ingcindezi okuthi kube khona ushintsho.”
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