2010 American Heart Association

2010 American Heart Association 2010 American Heart Association

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209. Nordrehaug JE. Malignant arrhythmia in relation to serum potassium in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1985;56:20D–23D. 210. Nordrehaug JE, von der Lippe G. Hypokalaemia and ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J. 1983;50:525–529. 211. Obeid AI, Verrier RL, Lown B. Influence of glucose, insulin, and potassium on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation in the canine heart. Circ Res. 1978;43:601–608. 212. Curry P, Fitchett D, Stubbs W, Krikler D. Ventricular arrhythmias and hypokalaemia. Lancet. 1976;2:231–233. 213. Buylaert WA, Calle PA, Houbrechts HN. Serum electrolyte disturbances in the post-resuscitation period. Resuscitation. 1989;17(suppl): S189–S196. 214. Cannon LA, Heiselman DE, Dougherty JM, Jones J. Magnesium levels in cardiac arrest victims: relationship between magnesium levels and successful resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:1195–1199. 215. McDonnell NJ, Muchatuta NA, Paech MJ. Acute magnesium toxicity in an obstetric patient undergoing general anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2010;19:226–231. 216. James MF. Cardiopulmonary arrest in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth. 2010; 104:115. 217. Mordes JP, Swartz R, Arky RA. Extreme hypermagnesemia as a cause of refractory hypotension. Ann Intern Med. 1975;83:657–658. 218. Trestrail JH. Criminal Poisoning: Investigational Guide for Law Enforcement, Toxicologists, Forensic Scientists, and Attorneys. 2nd ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana; 2007. 219. Courtney DM, Neumar RW, Venkatesh AK, Kaji AH, Cairns CB, Lavonas E, Richardson LD. Unique characteristics of emergency care research: scope, populations, and infrastructure. Acad Emerg Med. 2009; 16:990–994. 220. Matsika MD, Tournier M, Lagnaoui R, Pehourcq F, Molimard M, Begaud B, Verdoux H, Moore N. Comparison of patient questionnaires and plasma assays in intentional drug overdoses. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;95:31–37. 221. Neeleman J, Wessely S. Drugs taken in fatal and non-fatal selfpoisoning: a study in south London. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95: 283–287. 222. Wu AH, McKay C, Broussard LA, Hoffman RS, Kwong TC, Moyer TP, Otten EM, Welch SL, Wax P. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: recommendations for the use of laboratory tests to support poisoned patients who present to the emergency department. Clin Chem. 2003;49:357–379. 223. Shannon MW. A general approach to poisoning. In: Shannon MW, Borron SW, Burns MJ, eds. Haddad and Winchester’s Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders/Elsevier; 2007:13–30. 224. Position paper: ipecac syrup. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42:133–143. 225. Vale JA, Kulig K; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42:933–943. 226. Position paper: whole bowel irrigation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004; 42:843–854. 227. Deleted in proof. 228. Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper: single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2005;43:61–87. 229. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:731–751. 230. Metheny NA. Preventing respiratory complications of tube feedings: evidence-based practice. Am J Crit Care. 2006;15:360–369. 231. Adelson L. Poison and the pathologist. JAMA. 1964;187:918–920. 232. Kelly AM, Kerr D, Dietze P, Patrick I, Walker T, Koutsogiannis Z. Randomised trial of intranasal versus intramuscular naloxone in prehospital treatment for suspected opioid overdose. Med J Aust. 2005;182: 24–27. 233. Rupreht J, Dworacek B, Oosthoek H, Dzoljic MR, Valkenburg M. Physostigmine versus naloxone in heroin-overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1983;21:387–397. 234. Wanger K, Brough L, Macmillan I, Goulding J, MacPhail I, Christenson JM. Intravenous vs subcutaneous naloxone for out-of-hospital management of presumed opioid overdose. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5: 293–299. Vanden Hoek et al Part 12: Cardiac Arrest in Special Situations S855 235. Leach M. Naloxone: a new therapeutic and diagnostic agent for emergency use. JACEP. 1973;2:21–23. 236. Sporer KA, Firestone J, Isaacs SM. Out-of-hospital treatment of opioid overdoses in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3:660–667. 237. Yealy DM, Paris PM, Kaplan RM, Heller MB, Marini SE. The safety of prehospital naloxone administration by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:902–905. 238. Mills CA, Flacke JW, Flacke WE, Bloor BC, Liu MD. Narcotic reversal in hypercapnic dogs: comparison of naloxone and nalbuphine. Can J Anaesth. 1990;37:238–244. 239. Clarke SF, Dargan PI, Jones AL. Naloxone in opioid poisoning: walking the tightrope. Emerg Med J. 2005;22:612–616. 240. Moore RA, Rumack BH, Conner CS, Peterson RG. Naloxone: underdosage after narcotic poisoning. Am J Dis Child. 1980;134:156–158. 241. Schneir AB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Offerman SR, Barry JD, Ly BT, Williams SR, Clark RF. Massive OxyContin ingestion refractory to naloxone therapy. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:425–428. 242. Robertson TM, Hendey GW, Stroh G, Shalit M. Intranasal naloxone is a viable alternative to intravenous naloxone for prehospital narcotic overdose. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:512–515. 243. Evans LE, Swainson CP, Roscoe P, Prescott LF. Treatment of drug overdosage with naloxone, a specific narcotic antagonist. Lancet. 1973; 1:452–455. 244. Greenberg MI, Roberts JR, Baskin SI. Endotracheal naloxone reversal of morphine-induced respiratory depression in rabbits. Ann Emerg Med. 1980;9:289–292. 245. Vilke GM, Sloane C, Smith AM, Chan TC. Assessment for deaths in out-of-hospital heroin overdose patients treated with naloxone who refuse transport. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:893–896. 246. Etherington J, Christenson J, Innes G, Grafstein E, Pennington S, Spinelli JJ, Gao M, Lahiffe B, Wanger K, Fernandes C. Is early discharge safe after naloxone reversal of presumed opioid overdose? CJEM. 2000;2:156–162. 247. The Flumazenil in Benzodiazepine Intoxication Multicenter Study Group. Treatment of benzodiazepine overdose with flumazenil. Clin Ther. 1992;14:978–995. 248. Lheureux P, Vranckx M, Leduc D, Askenasi R. Flumazenil in mixed benzodiazepine/tricyclic antidepressant overdose: a placebo-controlled study in the dog. Am J Emerg Med. 1992;10:184–188. 249. Pitetti RD, Singh S, Pierce MC. Safe and efficacious use of procedural sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists in a pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:1090–1096. 250. Fahed S, Grum DF, Papadimos TJ. Labetalol infusion for refractory hypertension causing severe hypotension and bradycardia: an issue of patient safety. Patient Saf Surg. 2008;2:13. 251. Fernandes CM, Daya MR. Sotalol-induced bradycardia reversed by glucagon. Can Fam Physician. 1995;41:659–660, 663–665. 252. Frishman W, Jacob H, Eisenberg E, Ribner H. Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, part 8: self-poisoning with beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents: recognition and management. Am Heart J. 1979;98:798–811. 253. Gabry AL, Pourriat JL, Hoang TD, Lapandry C. Cardiogenic shock caused by metoprolol poisoning: reversibility with high doses of glucagon and isoproterenol [in French]. Presse Med. 1985;14:229. 254. Hazouard E, Ferrandiere M, Lesire V, Joye F, Perrotin D, de Toffol B. Peduncular hallucinosis related to propranolol self-poisoning: efficacy of intravenous glucagon. Intensive Care Med. 1999;25:336–337. 255. Khan MI, Miller MT. Beta-blocker toxicity: the role of glucagon: report of 2 cases. S Afr Med J. 1985;67:1062–1063. 256. Moller BH. Massive intoxication with metoprolol. BMJ. 1976;1:222. Letter. 257. O’Mahony D, O’Leary P, Molloy MG. Severe oxprenolol poisoning: the importance of glucagon infusion. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1990;9:101–103. 258. Wallin CJ, Hulting J. Massive metoprolol poisoning treated with prenalterol. Acta Med Scand. 1983;214:253–255. 259. Weinstein RS. Recognition and management of poisoning with betaadrenergic blocking agents. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:1123–1131. 260. Alderfliegel F, Leeman M, Demaeyer P, Kahn RJ. Sotalol poisoning associated with asystole. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19:57–58. 261. Kenyon CJ, Aldinger GE, Joshipura P, Zaid GJ. Successful resuscitation using external cardiac pacing in beta adrenergic antagonist-induced bradyasystolic arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:711–713. 262. Freestone S, Thomas HM, Bhamra RK, Dyson EH. Severe atenolol poisoning: treatment with prenalterol. 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S856 Circulation November 2, 2010 263. Toet AE, Wemer J, Vleeming W, te Biesebeek JD, Meulenbelt J, de Wildt DJ. Experimental study of the detrimental effect of dopamine/ glucagon combination in d,l-propranolol intoxication. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1996;15:411–421. 264. Toet AE, te Biesebeek JD, Vleeming W, Wemer J, Meulenbelt J, de Wildt DJ. Reduced survival after isoprenaline/dopamine in d,l-propranolol intoxicated rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1996;15:120–128. 265. Sato S, Tsuji MH, Okubo N, Nishimoto C, Naito H. Combined use of glucagon and milrinone may not be preferable for severe propranolol poisoning in the canine model. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1995;33: 337–342. 266. Kerns W II, Schroeder D, Williams C, Tomaszewski C, Raymond R. Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:748–757. 267. Holger JS, Engebretsen KM, Fritzlar SJ, Patten LC, Harris CR, Flottemesch TJ. Insulin versus vasopressin and epinephrine to treat beta-blocker toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45:396–401. 268. Page C, Hacket LP, Isbister GK. The use of high-dose insulin-glucose euglycemia in beta-blocker overdose: a case report. J Med Toxicol. 2009;5:139–143. 269. Kerns W II. Management of beta-adrenergic blocker and calcium channel antagonist toxicity. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2007;25: 309–331. 270. Pertoldi F, D’Orlando L, Mercante WP. Electromechanical dissociation 48 hours after atenolol overdose: usefulness of calcium chloride. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:777–781. 271. Love JN, Hanfling D, Howell JM. Hemodynamic effects of calcium chloride in a canine model of acute propranolol intoxication. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:1–6. 272. McVey FK, Corke CF. Extracorporeal circulation in the management of massive propranolol overdose. Anaesthesia. 1991;46:744–746. 273. Lane AS, Woodward AC, Goldman MR. Massive propranolol overdose poorly responsive to pharmacologic therapy: use of the intra-aortic balloon pump. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:1381–1383. 274. Rooney M, Massey KL, Jamali F, Rosin M, Thomson D, Johnson DH. Acebutolol overdose treated with hemodialysis and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;36:760–763. 275. Stellpflug SJ, Harris CR, Engebretsen KM, Cole JB, Holger JS. Intentional overdose with cardiac arrest treated with intravenous fat emulsion and high-dose insulin. Clin Toxicol. 2010:48:227–229. 276. Zimmer BW, Marcus RJ, Sawyer K, Harchelroad F. Salicylate intoxication as a cause of pseudohyperchloremia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008; 51(2):346–347. 277. Cave G, Harvey M. Lipid emulsion may augment early blood pressure recovery in a rabbit model of atenolol toxicity. J Med Toxicol. 2009;5: 50–51. 278. Cave G, Harvey MG, Castle CD. The role of fat emulsion therapy in a rodent model of propranolol toxicity: a preliminary study. J Med Toxicol. 2006;2(1):4–7. 279. Harvey MG, Cave GR. Intralipid infusion ameliorates propranololinduced hypotension in rabbits. J Med Toxicol. 2008;4:71–76. 280. Browne A, Harvey M, Cave G. Intravenous lipid emulsion does not augment blood pressure recovery in a rabbit model of metoprolol toxicity. J Med Toxicol. 2010:ePub. 281. Turner-Lawrence DE, Kerns Ii W. Intravenous fat emulsion: a potential novel antidote. J Med Toxicol. 2008;4:109–114. 282. Cave G, Harvey M. Intravenous lipid emulsion as antidote beyond local anesthetic toxicity: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16: 815–824. 283. Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, Notebaert E, Sanogo K, Chauny JM. Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Clin Toxicol. 2010:48:1–27. 284. Boyer EW, Duic PA, Evans A. Hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy for calcium channel blocker poisoning. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002;18: 36–37. 285. Cohen E, Du D, Joyce D, Kapernick EA, Volovik Y, Kelly JW, Dillin A. Temporal requirements of insulin/IGF-1 signaling for proteotoxicity protection. Aging Cell. 2010;9:126–134. 286. Greene SL, Gawarammana I, Wood DM, Jones AL, Dargan PI. Relative safety of hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of calcium channel blocker overdose: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:2019–2024. 287. Harris NS. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: case 24–2006: a 40-year-old woman with hypotension after an overdose of amlodipine. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:602–611. 288. Johansen KK, Belhage B. A 48-year-old woman’s survival from a massive verapamil overdose [in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2007;169: 4074–4075. 289. Kanagarajan K, Marraffa JM, Bouchard NC, Krishnan P, Hoffman RS, Stork CM. The use of vasopressin in the setting of recalcitrant hypotension due to calcium channel blocker overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45:56–59. 290. Marques M, Gomes E, de Oliveira J. Treatment of calcium channel blocker intoxication with insulin infusion: case report and literature review. Resuscitation. 2003;57:211–213. 291. Ortiz-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Ospina LF, Figueroa-Gonzalez M. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic therapy for intoxication with calcium channel blockers. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2005;97(pt 2):182–189. 292. Patel NP, Pugh ME, Goldberg S, Eiger G. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy for verapamil poisoning: case report. Am J Crit Care. 2007;16: 518–529. 293. Rasmussen L, Husted SE, Johnsen SP. Severe intoxication after an intentional overdose of amlodipine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47: 1038–1040. 294. Smith SW, Ferguson KL, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS, Greller HA. Prolonged severe hypotension following combined amlodipine and valsartan ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008;46:470–474. 295. Yuan TH, Kerns WPI, Tomaszewski CA, Ford MD, Kline JA. Insulinglucose as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:463–474. 296. Kline JA, Tomaszewski CA, Schroeder JD, Raymond RM. Insulin is a superior antidote for cardiovascular toxicity induced by verapamil in the anesthetized canine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;267:744–750. 297. Kline JA, Leonova E, Raymond RM. Beneficial myocardial metabolic effects of insulin during verapamil toxicity in the anesthetized canine. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:1251–1263. 298. Kline JA, Leonova E, Williams TC, Schroeder JD, Watts JA. Myocardial metabolism during graded intraportal verapamil infusion in awake dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;27:719–726. 299. Kline JA, Raymond RM, Schroeder JD, Watts JA. The diabetogenic effects of acute verapamil poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997; 145:357–362. 300. Durward A, Guerguerian AM, Lefebvre M, Shemie SD. Massive diltiazem overdose treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2003;4:372–376. 301. Fiszer M, Kolacinski Z, Rechcinski T. The application of 4-aminopyridine in calcium channel inhibitors acute poisoning [in Polish]. Przegl Lek. 2007;64:293–297. 302. Pfaender M, Casetti PG, Azzolini M, Baldi ML, Valli A. Successful treatment of a massive atenolol and nifedipine overdose with CVVHDF. Minerva Anestesiol. 2008;74:97–100. 303. Sabatier J, Pouyet T, Shelvey G, Cavero I. Antagonistic effects of epinephrine, glucagon and methylatropine but not calcium chloride against atrio-ventricular conduction disturbances produced by high doses of diltiazem, in conscious dogs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 5:93–106. 304. Stone CK, May WA, Carroll R. Treatment of verapamil overdose with glucagon in dogs. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:369–374. 305. Stone CK, Thomas SH. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1996;11:120. 306. Tuncok Y, Apaydin S, Kalkan S, Ates M, Guven H. The effects of amrinone and glucagon on verapamil-induced cardiovascular toxicity in anaesthetized rats. Int J Exp Pathol. 1996;77:207–212. 307. Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan, Jayalath S, Sjostrom L, Santharaj W, Thenabadu PN, Sheriff MH, Warrell DA. Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355:967–972. 308. Smith TW, Butler VP Jr, Haber E, Fozzard H, Marcus FI, Bremner WF, Schulman IC, Phillips A. Treatment of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments: experience in 26 cases. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:1357–1362. 309. Wenger TL, Butler VPJ, Haber E, Smith TW. Treatment of 63 severely digitalis-toxic patients with digoxin-specific antibody fragments. JAm Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(suppl):118A–123A. 310. Antman EM, Wenger TL, Butler VP Jr, Haber E, Smith TW. Treatment of 150 cases of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxinspecific Fab antibody fragments: final report of a multicenter study. Circulation. 1990;81:1744–1752. 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S856 Circulation November 2, <strong>2010</strong><br />

263. Toet AE, Wemer J, Vleeming W, te Biesebeek JD, Meulenbelt J, de<br />

Wildt DJ. Experimental study of the detrimental effect of dopamine/<br />

glucagon combination in d,l-propranolol intoxication. Hum Exp Toxicol.<br />

1996;15:411–421.<br />

264. Toet AE, te Biesebeek JD, Vleeming W, Wemer J, Meulenbelt J, de<br />

Wildt DJ. Reduced survival after isoprenaline/dopamine in d,l-propranolol<br />

intoxicated rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1996;15:120–128.<br />

265. Sato S, Tsuji MH, Okubo N, Nishimoto C, Naito H. Combined use of<br />

glucagon and milrinone may not be preferable for severe propranolol<br />

poisoning in the canine model. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1995;33:<br />

337–342.<br />

266. Kerns W II, Schroeder D, Williams C, Tomaszewski C, Raymond R.<br />

Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker<br />

toxicity. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:748–757.<br />

267. Holger JS, Engebretsen KM, Fritzlar SJ, Patten LC, Harris CR,<br />

Flottemesch TJ. Insulin versus vasopressin and epinephrine to treat<br />

beta-blocker toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45:396–401.<br />

268. Page C, Hacket LP, Isbister GK. The use of high-dose insulin-glucose<br />

euglycemia in beta-blocker overdose: a case report. J Med Toxicol.<br />

2009;5:139–143.<br />

269. Kerns W II. Management of beta-adrenergic blocker and calcium<br />

channel antagonist toxicity. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2007;25:<br />

309–331.<br />

270. Pertoldi F, D’Orlando L, Mercante WP. Electromechanical dissociation<br />

48 hours after atenolol overdose: usefulness of calcium chloride. Ann<br />

Emerg Med. 1998;31:777–781.<br />

271. Love JN, Hanfling D, Howell JM. Hemodynamic effects of calcium<br />

chloride in a canine model of acute propranolol intoxication. Ann Emerg<br />

Med. 1996;28:1–6.<br />

272. McVey FK, Corke CF. Extracorporeal circulation in the management of<br />

massive propranolol overdose. Anaesthesia. 1991;46:744–746.<br />

273. Lane AS, Woodward AC, Goldman MR. Massive propranolol overdose<br />

poorly responsive to pharmacologic therapy: use of the intra-aortic<br />

balloon pump. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:1381–1383.<br />

274. Rooney M, Massey KL, Jamali F, Rosin M, Thomson D, Johnson DH.<br />

Acebutolol overdose treated with hemodialysis and extracorporeal<br />

membrane oxygenation. J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;36:760–763.<br />

275. Stellpflug SJ, Harris CR, Engebretsen KM, Cole JB, Holger JS. Intentional<br />

overdose with cardiac arrest treated with intravenous fat emulsion<br />

and high-dose insulin. Clin Toxicol. <strong>2010</strong>:48:227–229.<br />

276. Zimmer BW, Marcus RJ, Sawyer K, Harchelroad F. Salicylate intoxication<br />

as a cause of pseudohyperchloremia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;<br />

51(2):346–347.<br />

277. Cave G, Harvey M. Lipid emulsion may augment early blood pressure<br />

recovery in a rabbit model of atenolol toxicity. J Med Toxicol. 2009;5:<br />

50–51.<br />

278. Cave G, Harvey MG, Castle CD. The role of fat emulsion therapy in a<br />

rodent model of propranolol toxicity: a preliminary study. J Med<br />

Toxicol. 2006;2(1):4–7.<br />

279. Harvey MG, Cave GR. Intralipid infusion ameliorates propranololinduced<br />

hypotension in rabbits. J Med Toxicol. 2008;4:71–76.<br />

280. Browne A, Harvey M, Cave G. Intravenous lipid emulsion does not<br />

augment blood pressure recovery in a rabbit model of metoprolol<br />

toxicity. J Med Toxicol. <strong>2010</strong>:ePub.<br />

281. Turner-Lawrence DE, Kerns Ii W. Intravenous fat emulsion: a potential<br />

novel antidote. J Med Toxicol. 2008;4:109–114.<br />

282. Cave G, Harvey M. Intravenous lipid emulsion as antidote beyond local<br />

anesthetic toxicity: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16:<br />

815–824.<br />

283. Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, Notebaert E, Sanogo K, Chauny JM.<br />

Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review<br />

of human and animal studies. Clin Toxicol. <strong>2010</strong>:48:1–27.<br />

284. Boyer EW, Duic PA, Evans A. Hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy<br />

for calcium channel blocker poisoning. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002;18:<br />

36–37.<br />

285. Cohen E, Du D, Joyce D, Kapernick EA, Volovik Y, Kelly JW, Dillin<br />

A. Temporal requirements of insulin/IGF-1 signaling for proteotoxicity<br />

protection. Aging Cell. <strong>2010</strong>;9:126–134.<br />

286. Greene SL, Gawarammana I, Wood DM, Jones AL, Dargan PI. Relative<br />

safety of hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of<br />

calcium channel blocker overdose: a prospective observational study.<br />

Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:2019–2024.<br />

287. Harris NS. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: case<br />

24–2006: a 40-year-old woman with hypotension after an overdose of<br />

amlodipine. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:602–611.<br />

288. Johansen KK, Belhage B. A 48-year-old woman’s survival from a<br />

massive verapamil overdose [in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2007;169:<br />

4074–4075.<br />

289. Kanagarajan K, Marraffa JM, Bouchard NC, Krishnan P, Hoffman RS,<br />

Stork CM. The use of vasopressin in the setting of recalcitrant hypotension<br />

due to calcium channel blocker overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila).<br />

2007;45:56–59.<br />

290. Marques M, Gomes E, de Oliveira J. Treatment of calcium channel<br />

blocker intoxication with insulin infusion: case report and literature<br />

review. Resuscitation. 2003;57:211–213.<br />

291. Ortiz-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Ospina LF, Figueroa-Gonzalez M. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic<br />

therapy for intoxication with calcium channel<br />

blockers. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2005;97(pt 2):182–189.<br />

292. Patel NP, Pugh ME, Goldberg S, Eiger G. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia<br />

therapy for verapamil poisoning: case report. Am J Crit Care. 2007;16:<br />

518–529.<br />

293. Rasmussen L, Husted SE, Johnsen SP. Severe intoxication after an<br />

intentional overdose of amlodipine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:<br />

1038–1040.<br />

294. Smith SW, Ferguson KL, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS, Greller HA. Prolonged<br />

severe hypotension following combined amlodipine and valsartan<br />

ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008;46:470–474.<br />

295. Yuan TH, Kerns WPI, Tomaszewski CA, Ford MD, Kline JA. Insulinglucose<br />

as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist<br />

poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:463–474.<br />

296. Kline JA, Tomaszewski CA, Schroeder JD, Raymond RM. Insulin is a<br />

superior antidote for cardiovascular toxicity induced by verapamil in the<br />

anesthetized canine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;267:744–750.<br />

297. Kline JA, Leonova E, Raymond RM. Beneficial myocardial metabolic<br />

effects of insulin during verapamil toxicity in the anesthetized canine.<br />

Crit Care Med. 1995;23:1251–1263.<br />

298. Kline JA, Leonova E, Williams TC, Schroeder JD, Watts JA. Myocardial<br />

metabolism during graded intraportal verapamil infusion in<br />

awake dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;27:719–726.<br />

299. Kline JA, Raymond RM, Schroeder JD, Watts JA. The diabetogenic<br />

effects of acute verapamil poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997;<br />

145:357–362.<br />

300. Durward A, Guerguerian AM, Lefebvre M, Shemie SD. Massive diltiazem<br />

overdose treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.<br />

Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2003;4:372–376.<br />

301. Fiszer M, Kolacinski Z, Rechcinski T. The application of 4-aminopyridine<br />

in calcium channel inhibitors acute poisoning [in Polish]. Przegl<br />

Lek. 2007;64:293–297.<br />

302. Pfaender M, Casetti PG, Azzolini M, Baldi ML, Valli A. Successful<br />

treatment of a massive atenolol and nifedipine overdose with CVVHDF.<br />

Minerva Anestesiol. 2008;74:97–100.<br />

303. Sabatier J, Pouyet T, Shelvey G, Cavero I. Antagonistic effects of<br />

epinephrine, glucagon and methylatropine but not calcium chloride<br />

against atrio-ventricular conduction disturbances produced by high<br />

doses of diltiazem, in conscious dogs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1991;<br />

5:93–106.<br />

304. Stone CK, May WA, Carroll R. Treatment of verapamil overdose with<br />

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