Advances in Food Mycology

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56 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 3.2. Growth of Fungi as Assessed by Colony Diameters Most of the fungi grew on all of the media used, though with varying vigour, reflecting their water relations (Table 3). Best growth of most species occurred on CY20S, 0.98 a w except for B. fulva and F. oxysporum which grew faster at 25°C on CYA, 0.997 a w . Along with M. plumbeus, these species produced little or no growth on MY50G at 0.89 a w , an a w near their lower limit for growth (Pitt and Hocking, 1997). A. flavus and P. commune grew strongly at all a w tested. Growth of E. chevalieri, a xerophilic species, was slow on CYA, and faster on CY20S and MY50G. X. bisporus, an extreme xerophile, grew only on MY50G. 3.3. Influence of Colony Age on Growth Parameters The influence of colony age on some of the data obtained by the four methods used for measuring fungal growth is shown in Table 4, for four representative species. Ratios were calculated for colony diameter over hyphal length, mycelium dry weight and ergosterol content over hyphal length, and ergosterol over mycelium dry weight. The ratio of colony diameter over hyphal length showed a general downward trend, indicating a greater rate of hyphal extension than colony diameter increase as colonies aged. Colony diameters are therefore not a good measure of fungal biomass production in aging colonies. The other ratios were reasonably constant, indicating a general correspondence between mycelial dry weight, ergosterol content and hyphal length. Table 3. Colony diameters of fungi grown on media of various water activities at 25°C Species Colony diameter (mm) at 7 days on CYA 0.997 a w CY20S 0.98 a w MY50G 0.89 a w Aspergillus flavus 68 84 16 Byssochlamys fulva 78 58 0 Byssochlamys nivea 43 - a - Eurotium chevalieri 19 50 36 Fusarium oxysporum 90 78 6 Mucor plumbeus 63 85 4 Penicillium commune 32 44 18 Penicillium roqueforti 52 - - Xeromyces bisporus 0 0 12 a not tested
Comparison of Hyphal Length, Ergosterol, Mycelium Dry Weight 57 Table 4. Growth of four species of fungi on Czapek yeast extract agar as measured by four techniques, and ratios derived from those measurementsa Hyphal Colony Mycelium Ergolength diam Ratio dry Ratio sterol Ratio Ratio Species Time (d) (m ×1000) (mm) CD/HL wt (mg) MDW/HL (µg) E/HL E/MDW Mucor 3 2.04 51 25 16.5 8.1 11.2 5.5 0.68 plumbeus 6 2.62 73 27.9 30.9 11.8 62.0 23.7 2.00 16 4.34 83 19.2 36.0 8.3 81.2 18.7 2.26 Fusarium 4 10.45 44 4.2 40.4 3.9 128.6 12.3 3.18 oxysporum 6 32.38 70 2.1 133.8 4.1 444.3 13.7 3.32 9 83.32 86 1.0 308.6 3.7 598.3 7.1 1.94 Byssochlamys 5 2.51 33 13.1 14.7 5.9 77.5 30.9 5.27 fulva 8 19.83 71 3.6 119.6 6.0 379.6 19.1 3.17 9 30.75 86 2.8 185.4 6.0 977.7 31.8 5.27 Penicillium 4 3.23 29 9.0 19.6 6.1 43.6 13.5 2.22 roqueforti 7 8.36 57 6.8 103.4 12.3 168.6 20.2 1.63 14 19.22 86 4.5 238.4 12.4 280.5 14.6 1.18 a Ratio CD/HL, ratio of colony diameter (mm) / hyphal length (m ×1000); ratio MDW/HL, ratio of mycelial dry weight (mg) / hyphal length (m ×1000), ratio E/HL, ergosterol (µg) / hyphal length (m ×1000).
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Advances in Food Mycology
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Advances in Food Mycology Edited by
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FOREWORD This book represents the P
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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Contents ix Mycobiota, mycotoxigeni
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CONTRIBUTORS M. Lourdes Abarca, Dep
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Contributors xiii Dilek Heperkan, I
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Section 1. Understanding the fungi
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STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS FOR DETE
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Standardization of Methods for Dete
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Standardization of Methods for Dete
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ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF FUMONISIN PRODUCER
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Ecophysiology of Fumonisin Producer
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ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF FUSARIUM CULMORUM
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Ecophysiology of Fusarium culmorum
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FOOD-BORNE FUNGI IN FRUIT AND CEREA
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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
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BLACK ASPERGILLUS SPECIES IN AUSTRA
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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174 Marta Bau et al. sporadically i
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176 Marta Bau et al. Table 1. Occur
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178 Marta Bau et al. Table 2. Ochra
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FUNGI PRODUCING OCHRATOXIN IN DRIED
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Fungi Producing Ochratoxin in Dried
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AN UPDATE ON OCHRATOXIGENIC FUNGI A
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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MYCOBIOTA, MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI, AND
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Mycobiota and Citrinin in Black Oli
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BYSSOCHLAMYS: SIGNIFICANCE OF HEAT
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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EFFECT OF WATER ACTIVITY AND TEMPER
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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INACTIVATION OF FRUIT SPOILAGE YEAS
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High Pressure Inactivation of Fungi
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ACTIVATION OF ASCOSPORES BY NOVEL F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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MIXTURES OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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PROBABILISTIC MODELLING OF ASPERGIL
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOURDOUGH BR
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Antifungal Activity of Sourdough Br
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PREVENTION OF OCHRATOXIN A IN CEREA
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR FOOD MYCOLO
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Recommended Methods for Food Mycolo
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Recommended Methods for Food Mycolo
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APPENDIX 1 - MEDIA All media are st
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Appendix 1 - Media 351 CYA (1): Cza
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Appendix 1 - Media 353 note that th
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Appendix 1 - Media 355 PCA: Potato
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Appendix 1 - Media 357 Pitt, J. I.,
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Appendix 2 - International Commissi
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362 Index Antifungal agents (Contin
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364 Index Cellulase, from F. culmor
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366 Index Fusarenon X, 15 Fusarin C
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368 Index Mycophenolic acid, 18, 21
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370 Index Phaffia, 74 Phoma tenuazo
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