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Advances in Food Mycology

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24 Jens C. Frisvad et al.<br />

only occur on a s<strong>in</strong>gle type of crop and cause mycotoxicosis <strong>in</strong> one<br />

k<strong>in</strong>d of animal. Phomops<strong>in</strong> is an example of this.<br />

Correct identification and knowledge of the associated mycobiota<br />

of the different foods and feeds will assist <strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g which mycotox<strong>in</strong>s<br />

to look for. There have been examples of mycotox<strong>in</strong>s analysis<br />

for aflatox<strong>in</strong>, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonis<strong>in</strong> and ochratox<strong>in</strong><br />

A <strong>in</strong> silage, where the dom<strong>in</strong>ant mycobiota is P. roqueforti, P. paneum,<br />

Monascus ruber and Byssochlamys nivea. In that particular case patul<strong>in</strong>,<br />

mycophenolic acid, PR tox<strong>in</strong>, and citr<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong> would be more relevant<br />

mycotox<strong>in</strong>s to analyse for. Rapid methods may are effective to<br />

secure healthy foods and feeds, but such methods should be based on<br />

mycological and ecological knowledge. We hope that our compilation<br />

of mycotox<strong>in</strong> producers will help <strong>in</strong> decid<strong>in</strong>g the most appropriate<br />

mycotox<strong>in</strong> analyses of foods and feeds. New mycotox<strong>in</strong>s and new<br />

mycotox<strong>in</strong> producers will no doubt appear, but we believe that the<br />

most important ones are listed here.<br />

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />

Jens Frisvad and Ulf Thrane thank LMC and the Technical<br />

Research Council for f<strong>in</strong>ancial support.<br />

8. REFERENCES<br />

Abarca, M. L., Bragulat, M. R., Castella, G., and Cabañes, F. J., 1994, Ochratox<strong>in</strong> A<br />

production by stra<strong>in</strong>s of Aspergillus niger var. niger, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.<br />

60:2650-2652.<br />

Abarca, M. L., Accensi, F., Cano, J., and Cabañes, F. J., 2004, Taxonomy and significance<br />

of black Aspergilli, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 86:33-49.<br />

Alsberg, C. L. and Black, O. F., 1913, Contributions to the study of maize deterioration;<br />

biochemical and toxicological <strong>in</strong>vestigations of Penicillium puberulum and<br />

Penicillium stoloniferum, Bull. Bur. Anim. Ind. U.S. Dept. Agric. 270:1-47.<br />

Andersen, B., and Frisvad, J. C., 2004, Natural occurrence of fungi and fungal<br />

metabolites <strong>in</strong> moldy tomatoes, J. Agric. <strong>Food</strong> Chem. 52:7507-7513.<br />

Andersen, B., and Thrane, U., 2006, <strong>Food</strong>-borne fungi <strong>in</strong> fruit and cereals and their<br />

production of mycotox<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>in</strong>: <strong>Advances</strong> of <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Mycology</strong>, A. D. Hock<strong>in</strong>g, J. I.<br />

Pitt, R. A. Samson and U. Thrane, eds, Spr<strong>in</strong>ger, New York. pp. 137-152.<br />

Andersen, B., Nielsen, K. F., Thrane, U., Szaro, T., Taylor, J. W., and Jarvis, B. B.,<br />

2003, Molecular and phenotypic descriptions of Stachybotrys chlorohalonata sp.<br />

nov. and two chemotypes of Stachybotrys chartarum found <strong>in</strong> water-damaged<br />

build<strong>in</strong>gs, Mycologia 95:1227-1238.

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