Probabilistic Modell<strong>in</strong>g of Aspergillus Growth 305 Cuppers, H. G. M., Oomes, S., and Brul, S., 1997, A model for the comb<strong>in</strong>ed effects of temperature and salt concentration on growth rate of food spoilage moulds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:3764-3769. Gibson, A. M., Baranyi, J., Pitt, J. I., Eyles, M. J., and Roberts, T. A., 1994, Predict<strong>in</strong>g fungal growth: effect of water activity on Aspergillus flavus and related species, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 23:419-431. Gould, G. W., 1989, Mechanisms of Action of <strong>Food</strong> Preservation Procedures, Elsevier, London. Hosmer, D. W., and Lemeshow, S., 1989, Applied Logistic Regression, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 307. ICMSF (International Commission on the Microbiological Specifications for <strong>Food</strong>s), 1980, Microbial Ecology of <strong>Food</strong>s, Vol. 1. Factors Affect<strong>in</strong>g Life and Death of Microorganisms. ICMSF, Academic Press, New York. Lanciotti, R., S<strong>in</strong>igaglia, M., Gard<strong>in</strong>i, F., Vann<strong>in</strong>i, L., and Guerzoni, M. E., 2001, Growth/no growth <strong>in</strong>terfaces of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis <strong>in</strong> model systems based on water activity, pH, temperature and ethanol concentration, <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 18:659-668. Leistner, L., 1985, Hurdle technology applied to meat products of shelf stable and <strong>in</strong>termediate moisture food types, <strong>in</strong>: Properties of Water <strong>in</strong> <strong>Food</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Relation to Quality and Stability, D. Simatos, and J. L. Multon, ed., Mart<strong>in</strong>us Nihof Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 309-329. López-Malo, A., and Palou E., 2000a, Growth/no growth <strong>in</strong>terface of Zygosaccharomyces bailii as a function of temperature, water activity, pH, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate concentration, Presented at Predictive Model<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>Food</strong>s, Leuven, Belgium, September 12-15. López-Malo, A., and Palou E., 2000b, Model<strong>in</strong>g the growth/no growth <strong>in</strong>terface of Zygosaccharomyces bailii <strong>in</strong> mango puree, J. <strong>Food</strong> Sci. 65:516-520. López-Malo, A., Alzamora, S. M., Argaiz, A., 1998, Vanill<strong>in</strong> and pH synergistic effects on mold growth, J. <strong>Food</strong> Sci. 63:143-146. López-Malo, A., Guerrero, S., and Alzamora, S. M., 2000, Probabilistic model<strong>in</strong>g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae <strong>in</strong>hibition under the effects of water activity, pH and potassium sorbate, J. <strong>Food</strong> Prot. 63:91-95. López-Malo, A., Palou, E., and Argaiz, A., 1993, Medición de la actividad de agua con un equipo electrónico basado en el punto de rocío, Información Tecnológica. 4(6): 33-37. Masana, M. O., and Baranyi, J., 2000a, Add<strong>in</strong>g new factors to predictive models: the effect on the risk of extrapolation, <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 17:367-374. Masana, M. O., and Baranyi, J., 2000b, Growth/no growth <strong>in</strong>terface of Brochothrix thermosphacta as a function of pH and water activity, <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 17:485-493. McMeek<strong>in</strong>, T. A., Olley, J., Ross, T., and Ratkowsky, D. A., 1993, Predictive Microbiology: Theory and Application, Research Studies Press, Tauton, UK. McMeek<strong>in</strong>, T. A., Presser, K., Ratkowsky, D. A., Ross, T., Salter, M., and Tienungoon, S., 2000, Quantify<strong>in</strong>g the hurdle concept by modell<strong>in</strong>g the growth/no growth <strong>in</strong>terface. A review, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 55:93-98. McMeek<strong>in</strong>, T. A., Ross, T., and Olley, J., 1992, Application of predictive microbiology to assure the quality and safety of fish and fish products, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 15:13-32. Montgomery, D. C., 1984, Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
306 Enrique Palou and Aurelio López-Malo Palou, E., and López-Malo, A., 2004, Growth/no-growth <strong>in</strong>terface model<strong>in</strong>g and emerg<strong>in</strong>g technologies, <strong>in</strong>: Novel <strong>Food</strong> Process<strong>in</strong>g Technologies, G. V. Barbosa- Canovas, M. S. Tapia, and P. Cano, eds, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 629-651. Pitt, J. I., 1989, <strong>Food</strong> mycology – an emerg<strong>in</strong>g discipl<strong>in</strong>e, Soc. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Suppl. 1989:1S-9S. Pitt, J. I., and Hock<strong>in</strong>g, A. D., 1977, Influence of solute and hydrogen ion concentration on the water relations of some xerophilic fungi, J. Gen. Microbiol. 101:35-40. Pitt, J. I., and Miscamble, B. F., 1995, Water relations of Aspergillus flavus and closely related species, J. <strong>Food</strong> Prot. 58:86-90. Presser, K. A., Ross, T., and Ratkowsky, D. A., 1998, Modell<strong>in</strong>g of the growth limits (growth/no-growth) of Escherichia coli as a function of temperature, pH, lactic acid concentration, and water activity, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1773-1779. Ratkowsky, D. A., and Ross, T., 1995, Modell<strong>in</strong>g the bacterial growth/no-growth <strong>in</strong>terface, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 20:29-33. Ratkowsky, D. A., 1993, Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of modell<strong>in</strong>g, J. Indust. Microbiol. 12:195-199. Ratkowsky, D. A., Ross, T., McMeek<strong>in</strong>, T. A., and Olley, J., 1991, Comparison of Arrhenius-type and Belehradek-type models for prediction of bacterial growth <strong>in</strong> foods, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71:452-459. Ross, T., and McMeek<strong>in</strong>, T. A., 1994, Predictive microbiology, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 23:241-264. Rosso, L., and Rob<strong>in</strong>son, T. P., 2001, Card<strong>in</strong>al model to describe the effect of water activity on the growth of moulds, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 63:265-273. Salter, M. A., Ratkowsky, D. A., Ross, T., and McMeek<strong>in</strong>, T. A., 2000, Modell<strong>in</strong>g the comb<strong>in</strong>ed temperature and salt (NaCl) limits for growth of a pathogenic Escherichia coli stra<strong>in</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g nonl<strong>in</strong>ear logistic regression, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 61:159-167 Samson, R. A., 1989, Filamentous fungi <strong>in</strong> food and feed, Soc. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Suppl. 1989:27S-35S. Schaffner, D. W., and Labuza, T. P., 1997, Predictive microbiology: where are we, and where are we go<strong>in</strong>g?, <strong>Food</strong> Technol. 51:95-99. Smith, J. E., and Moss, M .O., 1985, Mycotox<strong>in</strong>s, Formation, Analysis and Significance, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. Tienungoon, S., Ratkowsky, D. A., McMeek<strong>in</strong>, T. A., and Ross, T., 2000, Growth limits of Listeria monocytogenes as a function of temperature, pH, NaCl, and lactic acid, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 11:4979-4987. Valik, L., Baranyi, J., and Gorner, F., 1999, Predict<strong>in</strong>g fungal growth: the effect of water activity on Penicillium roqueforti, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 47:141-146. Whit<strong>in</strong>g, R. C., and Call, J. E., 1993, Time of growth model for proteolytic Clostridium botul<strong>in</strong>um, <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 10:295-301.
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Advances in Food Mycology
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Advances in Food Mycology Edited by
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FOREWORD This book represents the P
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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Contents ix Mycobiota, mycotoxigeni
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CONTRIBUTORS M. Lourdes Abarca, Dep
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Contributors xiii Dilek Heperkan, I
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Section 1. Understanding the fungi
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4 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Furthermor
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6 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Table 1. M
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8 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Major sour
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10 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Major sou
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12 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 3.4. Cycl
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14 Jens C. Frisvad et al. and poult
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16 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 3.9. Zear
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18 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 4.5. Myco
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20 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 4.9. Peni
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22 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Major sou
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24 Jens C. Frisvad et al. only occu
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26 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 1977, Myc
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28 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Kamyar, M
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30 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Pitt, J.
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RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE CHRO
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Section 2. Media and method develop
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50 M. H. Taniwaki et al. the counti
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52 M. H. Taniwaki et al. Table 1. O
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54 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 60 column
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56 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 3.2. Growt
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58 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 3.4. Estim
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60 M. H. Taniwaki et al. lowest; ab
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62 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 4. DISCUSS
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64 M. H. Taniwaki et al. viable cou
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66 M. H. Taniwaki et al. Brancato,
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EVALUATION OF MOLECULAR METHODS FOR
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS FOR DETE
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Standardization of Methods for Dete
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Standardization of Methods for Dete
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ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF FUMONISIN PRODUCER
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Ecophysiology of Fumonisin Producer
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Ecophysiology of Fumonisin Producer
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Ecophysiology of Fumonisin Producer
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ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF FUSARIUM CULMORUM
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Ecophysiology of Fusarium culmorum
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Ecophysiology of Fusarium culmorum
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Ecophysiology of Fusarium culmorum
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Ecophysiology of Fusarium culmorum
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Ecophysiology of Fusarium culmorum
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Ecophysiology of Fusarium culmorum
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FOOD-BORNE FUNGI IN FRUIT AND CEREA
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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
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BLACK ASPERGILLUS SPECIES IN AUSTRA
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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174 Marta Bau et al. sporadically i
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176 Marta Bau et al. Table 1. Occur
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178 Marta Bau et al. Table 2. Ochra
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FUNGI PRODUCING OCHRATOXIN IN DRIED
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Fungi Producing Ochratoxin in Dried
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Fungi Producing Ochratoxin in Dried
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Fungi Producing Ochratoxin in Dried
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AN UPDATE ON OCHRATOXIGENIC FUNGI A
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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MYCOBIOTA, MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI, AND
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Mycobiota and Citrinin in Black Oli
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Mycobiota and Citrinin in Black Oli
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Mycobiota and Citrinin in Black Oli
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BYSSOCHLAMYS: SIGNIFICANCE OF HEAT
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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EFFECT OF WATER ACTIVITY AND TEMPER
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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INACTIVATION OF FRUIT SPOILAGE YEAS
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High Pressure Inactivation of Fungi
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High Pressure Inactivation of Fungi
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High Pressure Inactivation of Fungi
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ACTIVATION OF ASCOSPORES BY NOVEL F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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- Page 348 and 349: RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR FOOD MYCOLO
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- Page 354 and 355: APPENDIX 1 - MEDIA All media are st
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Appendix 1 - Media 355 PCA: Potato
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Appendix 1 - Media 357 Pitt, J. I.,
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Appendix 2 - International Commissi
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362 Index Antifungal agents (Contin
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364 Index Cellulase, from F. culmor
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366 Index Fusarenon X, 15 Fusarin C
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368 Index Mycophenolic acid, 18, 21
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370 Index Phaffia, 74 Phoma tenuazo