Advances in Food Mycology

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Section 1. Understanding the fungi producing important mycotoxins Important mycotoxins and the fungi which produce them Jens C. Frisvad, Ulf Thrane, Robert A. Samson and John I. Pitt Recommendations concerning the chronic problem of misidentification of mycotoxigenic fungi associated with foods and feeds Jens C. Frisvad, Kristian F. Nielsen and Robert A. Samson
IMPORTANT MYCOTOXINS AND THE FUNGI WHICH PRODUCE THEM Jens C. Frisvad, Ulf Thrane, * Robert A. Samson † and John I. Pitt ‡ 1. INTRODUCTION The assessment of the relationship between species and mycotoxins production has proven to be very difficult. The modern literature is cluttered with examples of species purported to make particular mycotoxins, but where the association is incorrect. In some cases, mycotoxins have even been named based on an erroneous association with a particular species: verruculogen, viridicatumtoxin and rubratoxin come to mind. As time has gone on, and more and more compounds have been described, lists of species-mycotoxin associations have become so large, and the inaccuracies in them so widespread in acceptance, that determining true associations has become very difficult. It does not need to be emphasised how important it is that these associations be known accurately. The possible presence of mycotoxigenic fungi in foods, and rational decisions on the status of foods suspected to contain mycotoxins, are ever present problems in the food industry around the world. In defining mycotoxins, we exclude fungal metabolites which are active against bacteria, protozoa, and lower animals including insects. * J. C. Frisvad and U. Thrane, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum- DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Correspondence to jcf@biocentrum.dtu.dk † R. A. Samson, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands ‡ J. I. Pitt, Food Science Australia, CSIRO, PO Box 52, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia 3
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Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD This book represents the P
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix Mycobiota, mycotoxigeni
Page 12 and 13: CONTRIBUTORS M. Lourdes Abarca, Dep
Page 14 and 15: Contributors xiii Dilek Heperkan, I
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Page 46 and 47: RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE CHRO
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54 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 60 column
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56 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 3.2. Growt
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58 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 3.4. Estim
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60 M. H. Taniwaki et al. lowest; ab
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62 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 4. DISCUSS
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64 M. H. Taniwaki et al. viable cou
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66 M. H. Taniwaki et al. Brancato,
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EVALUATION OF MOLECULAR METHODS FOR
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS FOR DETE
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Standardization of Methods for Dete
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Standardization of Methods for Dete
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ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF FUMONISIN PRODUCER
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Ecophysiology of Fumonisin Producer
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ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF FUSARIUM CULMORUM
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Ecophysiology of Fusarium culmorum
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FOOD-BORNE FUNGI IN FRUIT AND CEREA
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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
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BLACK ASPERGILLUS SPECIES IN AUSTRA
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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174 Marta Bau et al. sporadically i
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176 Marta Bau et al. Table 1. Occur
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178 Marta Bau et al. Table 2. Ochra
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FUNGI PRODUCING OCHRATOXIN IN DRIED
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Fungi Producing Ochratoxin in Dried
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AN UPDATE ON OCHRATOXIGENIC FUNGI A
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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MYCOBIOTA, MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI, AND
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Mycobiota and Citrinin in Black Oli
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BYSSOCHLAMYS: SIGNIFICANCE OF HEAT
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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EFFECT OF WATER ACTIVITY AND TEMPER
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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INACTIVATION OF FRUIT SPOILAGE YEAS
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High Pressure Inactivation of Fungi
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ACTIVATION OF ASCOSPORES BY NOVEL F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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MIXTURES OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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PROBABILISTIC MODELLING OF ASPERGIL
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOURDOUGH BR
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Antifungal Activity of Sourdough Br
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PREVENTION OF OCHRATOXIN A IN CEREA
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR FOOD MYCOLO
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Recommended Methods for Food Mycolo
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Recommended Methods for Food Mycolo
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APPENDIX 1 - MEDIA All media are st
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Appendix 1 - Media 351 CYA (1): Cza
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Appendix 1 - Media 353 note that th
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Appendix 1 - Media 355 PCA: Potato
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Appendix 1 - Media 357 Pitt, J. I.,
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Appendix 2 - International Commissi
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362 Index Antifungal agents (Contin
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364 Index Cellulase, from F. culmor
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366 Index Fusarenon X, 15 Fusarin C
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368 Index Mycophenolic acid, 18, 21
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370 Index Phaffia, 74 Phoma tenuazo
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Advances in Food Mycology

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