Advances in Food Mycology

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Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and Cereals 147 Table 5. Fungal species found in apples, cherries wheat and barley from the north temperate zone and some mycotoxins they are known to produce Toxigenic fungal species Mycotoxins produced in pure culture Alternaria arborescens sp.-grp. Altenuene, alternariols, altertoxins, tenuazonic acid Alt. tenuissima sp.-grp. Altenuene, alternariols, altertoxins, tenuazonic acid Aspergillus candidus Terphenyllin, xanthoascin Asp. flavus Aflatoxin, aspergillic acid, cyclopiazonic acid Asp. niger Malformins, naphtho-γ-pyrones Bipolaris sorokiniana Sterigmatocystin Byssochlamys spp. Byssochlamic acid, patulin Fusarium avenaceum Antibiotic Y, aurofusarin, enniatins, fusarin C, moniliformin F. culmorum Aurofusarin, culmorin, fusarin C, trichothecenes, zearalenone F. equiseti Fusarochromanone, trichothecenes, zearalenone F. graminearum Aurofusarin, culmorin, fusarin C, trichothecenes, zearalenone F. langsethiae Culmorin, enniatins, trichothecenes F. lateritium Antibiotic Y, enniatins, F. poae Beauvericins, culmorins, fusarin C, trichothecenes F. sporotrichioides Aurofusarin, beauvericins, culmorins, fusarin C, trichothecenes F. tricinctum Antibiotic Y, aurofusarin, enniatins, fusarin C, moniliformin Penicillium aurantiogriseum Penicillic acid, verrucosidin, nephrotoxic glycopeptides P. carneum Patulin, isofumigaclavin, penitrem A, roquefortine C P. crustosum Penitrem A, roquefortine C P. cyclopium Penicillic acid, xanthomegnin, viomellein, vioxanthin P. expansum Citrinin, chaetoglobosins, communesins, patulin, roquefortine C P. freii Penicillic acid, xanthomegnin, viomellein, vioxanthin P. hordei Roquefortine C P. melanoconidium Penicillic acid, penitrem A, xanthomegnin P. polonicum Penicillic acid, verrucosidin, nephrotoxic glycopeptides P. verrucosum Citrinin, ochratoxin A P. viridicatum Penicillic acid, viridic acid, xanthomegnin, viomellein
148 Birgitte Andersen and Ulf Thrane Table 6. Mycotoxins detected in naturally infected samples Sample Metabolites detected Immature apples with mouldy core (1) Alternariols, antibiotic Y, aurofusarin Immature apples with mouldy core (2) Altenuene, alternariols Mature apples with mouldy core (3) Alternariols, patulin Mouldy apple pulp (4) Alternariols, antibiotic Y, aurofusarin, ascladiol, Mouldy apple on tree (5) Chaetoglobosin A Mouldy sweet cherries ‘June drop’ (6) Alternariols, antibiotic Y Mouldy, mature sweet cherries (7) Alternariols Mouldy cherry juice (8) Chaetoglobosins, communesins, roquefortine C Mouldy barley (9) Ochratoxin A Mouldy barley ‘hot spot’ (10) Ochratoxin A Mouldy wheat (11) Antibiotic Y, ochratoxin A, zearalenone Mouldy wheat (12) Aurofusarin, fusarin C, zearalenone or until mould could be seen to simulate a worst case. Fusarium and/or Alternaria metabolites were detected in samples of immature apples from the field with visible fungal growth (samples 1 and 2, worst cases), while the mature, fresh apple samples (samples 3 and 4, worst cases) also contained Penicillium metabolites. One mature, mouldy apple (sample 5) still hanging on the tree contained only chaetoglobosin A. The cherry sample (sample 6), which consisted of immature cherries that had been shed by the trees, had 100 % infection with Alternaria species. Extraction showed that it contained high amounts of both Alternaria and Fusarium metabolites, whereas the mature cherries (sample 7, worst case) only contained Alternaria metabolites. The mouldy cherry juice (sample 8), on the other hand, contained only Penicillium metabolites. The mouldy barley samples (samples 9 and 10), which had been stored without drying after harvest, contained ochratoxin A. Sample 10, sampled in the ‘green hot spot’ of the mouldy lot, contained approximately 1000 times the amount of ochratoxin A as sample 9, which had little visible fungal growth. In the mouldy wheat sample (sample 11) Fusarium metabolites as well as ochratoxin A were detected, while sample 12 only contained Fusarium metabolites. 4. DISCUSSION Analyses of seasonal changes in apple mycobiota showed that many fungal species found in mature fruit already were present in the flowers and later colonized the immature fruit (Table 1). Spraying with
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Advances in Food Mycology
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Advances in Food Mycology Edited by
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FOREWORD This book represents the P
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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Contents ix Mycobiota, mycotoxigeni
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CONTRIBUTORS M. Lourdes Abarca, Dep
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Contributors xiii Dilek Heperkan, I
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Section 1. Understanding the fungi
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4 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Furthermor
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6 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Table 1. M
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8 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Major sour
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10 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Major sou
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12 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 3.4. Cycl
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14 Jens C. Frisvad et al. and poult
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16 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 3.9. Zear
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18 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 4.5. Myco
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20 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 4.9. Peni
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22 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Major sou
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24 Jens C. Frisvad et al. only occu
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26 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 1977, Myc
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28 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Kamyar, M
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30 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Pitt, J.
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RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE CHRO
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Section 2. Media and method develop
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50 M. H. Taniwaki et al. the counti
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52 M. H. Taniwaki et al. Table 1. O
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54 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 60 column
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56 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 3.2. Growt
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58 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 3.4. Estim
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60 M. H. Taniwaki et al. lowest; ab
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62 M. H. Taniwaki et al. 4. DISCUSS
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64 M. H. Taniwaki et al. viable cou
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66 M. H. Taniwaki et al. Brancato,
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EVALUATION OF MOLECULAR METHODS FOR
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Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Page 106 and 107: Evaluation of Molecular Methods for
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Page 120 and 121: Standardization of Methods for Dete
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Page 124 and 125: ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF FUMONISIN PRODUCER
Page 126 and 127: Ecophysiology of Fumonisin Producer
Page 132 and 133: ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF FUSARIUM CULMORUM
Page 134 and 135: Ecophysiology of Fusarium culmorum
Page 146 and 147: FOOD-BORNE FUNGI IN FRUIT AND CEREA
Page 148 and 149: Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and C
Page 162 and 163: BLACK ASPERGILLUS SPECIES IN AUSTRA
Page 164 and 165: Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
Page 182 and 183: 174 Marta Bau et al. sporadically i
Page 184 and 185: 176 Marta Bau et al. Table 1. Occur
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Page 188 and 189: FUNGI PRODUCING OCHRATOXIN IN DRIED
Page 190 and 191: Fungi Producing Ochratoxin in Dried
Page 196 and 197: AN UPDATE ON OCHRATOXIGENIC FUNGI A
Page 198 and 199: An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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MYCOBIOTA, MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI, AND
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Mycobiota and Citrinin in Black Oli
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BYSSOCHLAMYS: SIGNIFICANCE OF HEAT
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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EFFECT OF WATER ACTIVITY AND TEMPER
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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INACTIVATION OF FRUIT SPOILAGE YEAS
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High Pressure Inactivation of Fungi
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ACTIVATION OF ASCOSPORES BY NOVEL F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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MIXTURES OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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PROBABILISTIC MODELLING OF ASPERGIL
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOURDOUGH BR
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Antifungal Activity of Sourdough Br
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PREVENTION OF OCHRATOXIN A IN CEREA
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR FOOD MYCOLO
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Recommended Methods for Food Mycolo
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Recommended Methods for Food Mycolo
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APPENDIX 1 - MEDIA All media are st
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Appendix 1 - Media 351 CYA (1): Cza
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Appendix 1 - Media 353 note that th
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Appendix 1 - Media 355 PCA: Potato
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Appendix 1 - Media 357 Pitt, J. I.,
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Appendix 2 - International Commissi
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362 Index Antifungal agents (Contin
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364 Index Cellulase, from F. culmor
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366 Index Fusarenon X, 15 Fusarin C
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368 Index Mycophenolic acid, 18, 21
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370 Index Phaffia, 74 Phoma tenuazo
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