Advances in Food Mycology

Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fruit and Cereals 139
consisting of 12 hours of black fluorescent and cool white daylight
and 12 hours darkness at 20-23°C, while DG18 and DRYES plates
were incubated at 25°C in darkness and V8 plates in alternating cool
white daylight (8 hours light/16 hours darkness) at 20-23°C. Alternaria
and other dematiaceous hyphomycetes were enumerated on DRYES
and/or V8. Fusarium species were enumerated on CZID and/or V8,
while Eurotium, Aspergillus and Penicillium species and other hyaline
fungi were enumerated on DG18 and/or DRYES.
A wide range of media were used for fungal identification. For
Alternaria species and other black fungi, DRYES, Potato Carrot Agar
(PCA; Simmons, 1992) and V8 were used; for Eurotium species, Malt
Extract Agar (MEA, Pitt and Hocking, 1997) and Czapek Dox agar
(CZ; Samson et al., 2004) were used; for Fusarium species, Potato
Dextrose agar (PDA; Samson et al., 2004) Yeast Extract Sucrose agar
(YES; Samson et al., 2004) and Synthetischer nährstoffarmer agar
(SNA: Nirenberg, 1976) were used. For Penicillium, Czapek Yeast
extract Agar (CYA; Pitt and Hocking, 1997), MEA, YES and
Creatine Sucrose agar (CREA; Samson et al., 2004) were used.
2.2. Fruit
Apple flowers with petals removed, apple peel and apples with fungal
lesions were plated directly onto DRYES and V8. Sound apples
were surfaced disinfected by shaking in freshly prepared 0.4 % NaOCl
for 2 minutes and then rinsing with sterile water. The cores of the surface
disinfected apples were cut out with a sterile cork borer, cut into
5 pieces and plated on V8 and DRYES.
Cherry flowers with petals and cherries with fungal lesions were
plated directly onto DRYES and V8. Some cherries were surfaced
disinfected as described above. The stem and calyx ends of the surface
disinfected cherries were excised with a sterile scalpel and plated on V8
and DRYES. The plates were incubated as described above and after a
week of incubation the fungal colonies were enumerated. Representative
colonies were then isolated and identified to species level.
The development in the mycobiota at genus level was followed on
apples (variety Jonagored) and two varieties of cherries (Vicky and
Van) during one growth season (2001 for cherries and 2002 for
apples). The trees were sprayed for fungal diseases (grey mould,
Botrytis spp.) several time before harvest. Flowers of both apples
and cherries were examined for fungal growth before the first spray
application. Ten trees were selected from each orchard and sampled
(10 units) from each tree. The ten samples from each orchard were