Evaluation of Molecular Methods for the Analysis of Yeasts <strong>in</strong> <strong>Food</strong>s 101 James, S. A., Cai, J., Roberts, I. N., and Coll<strong>in</strong>s, M. D., 1997, A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Saccharomyces based on 18S rRNA genes sequences: description of Saccharomyces kunashirensis sp. nov. and Saccharomyces mart<strong>in</strong>iae sp. nov., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:453-460. Josepa S., Guillamon J. M., and Cano J., 2000, PCR differentiation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Saccharomyces bayanus/Saccharomyces pastorianus us<strong>in</strong>g specific primers, FEMS Microbiol. Lett 193:255-259. Jespersen, L., Nielsen, D. S., Hønholt, S., and Jakobsen, M., 2005, Occurrence and diversity of yeasts <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> fermentation of West African cocoa beans, FEMS Yeast Res. 5:441-453. Kiesl<strong>in</strong>g, T., Diaz, M. R., Statzell-Tallman, A., and Fell J. W., 2002, Field identification of mar<strong>in</strong>e yeasts us<strong>in</strong>g DNA hybridization macroarrays, <strong>in</strong>: Fungi <strong>in</strong> Mar<strong>in</strong>e Environments. K. D. Hyde, S. T. Moss, and L. L. P. Vrijmoed, eds, Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong, pp. 69-80. Kosse, D., Seiler, H., Amann, R., Ludwig, W., and Scherer, S., 1997, Identification of yoghurt-spoil<strong>in</strong>g yeasts with 18S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes, System. Appl. Microbiol. 20:468–480. Kurtzman, C. P., 2003, Phylogenetic circumscription of Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces and other members of Saccharomycetaceae and the proposal of the new genera Lachancea, Nakaseomyces, Vanderwaltozyma and Zygotorulaspora, FEMS Yeast Res., 4: 232-245. Kurtzman, C. and Fell, J. W., 1998, The Yeasts – a Taxonomic Study, 4th edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Kurtzman, C. P., and Robnett, C. J., 1998, Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 73:331-371. Kurtzman, C. P., and Robnett, C. J., 2003, Phylogenetic relationships among yeasts of the ‘Saccharomyces complex’ determ<strong>in</strong>ed from multigene sequence analyses, FEMS Yeast Res. 3:417-432. Kurtzman, C. P., Boekhout, T., Robert, V., Fell, J. W., and Deak, T., 2003, Methods to identify yeasts, <strong>in</strong>: Yeasts <strong>in</strong> <strong>Food</strong>, Beneficial and Detrimental Aspects. T. Boekhout, and V. Robert, eds, Behr’s-Verlag, Hamburg, pp. 69-121. Kurtzman, C. P., Statzell-Tallman, A., and Fell, J. W., 2004, Tetrapisispora fleetii sp. nov., a new member of the Saccharomycetaceae, Stud. Mycol. 50:397-400. Lachance, M. A., Starmer, W. T., Bowles, J. M., Phaff, H. J., and Rosa, C. A., 2000, Ribosomal DNA, species structure, and biogeography of the cactophilic yeast Clavispora opuntiae, Can. J. Microbiol. 46:195-210. Langton, S. D., Chevennement, R., Nagelkerke, N., and Lombard, B., 2002, Analys<strong>in</strong>g collaborative trials for qualitative microbiological methods: accordance and concordance, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 79:175-181. Lavallée, F., Salvas, Y., Lamy, S., Thomas, D. Y. Degré, R., and Dulau, L., 1994, PCR and DNA f<strong>in</strong>gerpr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g used as quality control <strong>in</strong> the production of w<strong>in</strong>e yeast stra<strong>in</strong>s, Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 45:86-91. Leuschner, R. G. K., Bew, J., Fourcassier, P., and Bert<strong>in</strong>, G., 2004, Validation of the official control method based on polymerase cha<strong>in</strong> reaction (PCR) for identification of authorised probiotic yeast <strong>in</strong> animal feed, System. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 492-500. Lieckfeldt, E., Meyer, W., and Börner, T., 1993, Rapid identification and differentiation of yeasts by DNA and PCR f<strong>in</strong>gerpr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g, J. Basic Microbiol. 33:413-426.
102 Ai L<strong>in</strong> Beh et al. Lopandic, K., Prill<strong>in</strong>ger. H., Molnár, O., and Giménez-Jurado, G., 1996, Molecular characterization and genotypic identification of Metschnikowia species, System. Appl. Microbiol. 19:393-402. Lopandic, K., Molnár, O., and Prill<strong>in</strong>ger, H., 2005, Application of ITS sequence analysis, RAPD and AFLP f<strong>in</strong>gerpr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> characteris<strong>in</strong>g the yeast genus Fellomyces, Microbiol. Res. 160:13-26. López V., Fernández-Esp<strong>in</strong>ar M. T., Barrio E., Ramon D., and Querol A., 2003, A new PCR-based method for monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>oculated w<strong>in</strong>e fermentations, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 81:63-71. López, V., Querol, A., Ramon, D., and Fernández-Esp<strong>in</strong>ar, M. T., 2001, A simplified procedure to analyse mitochondrial DNA from <strong>in</strong>dustrial yeasts, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 68: 75-81. Loureiro, V., and Malfeito-Ferreira, M., 2003, Spoilage yeasts <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>dustry, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 86: 23-50. Loureiro, V., and Querol, A., 1999, The prevalence and control of spoilage yeasts <strong>in</strong> foods and beverages, Trends <strong>Food</strong> Sci. Technol. 10: 356-365. Lübeck, P. S., and Hoofar, J., 2003, PCR technology and applications to zoonotic food-borne bacterial pathogens, <strong>in</strong>: Methods <strong>in</strong> Molecular Biology, Vol. 216, PCR Detection of Microbial Pathogens: Methods and Protocols. K. Sachse and J. Frey, eds, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 65-84. Lübeck, P. S., Cook, N., Wagner, M., Fach, P., and Hoofar, J., 2003, Toward an <strong>in</strong>ternational standard for PCR-based detection of food-borne thermotolerant Campylobacters: validation <strong>in</strong> a multicenter collaborative trial, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5670-5672. Malorny, B., Tassios, P. T., Rådström, P., Cook, N., Wagner, M., and Hoofar, J., 2003, Standardization of diagnostic PCR for the detection of foodborne pathogens, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 83:39-48. Mannarelli, B. M., and Kurtzman, C. P., 1998, Rapid identification of Candida albicans and other human pathogenic yeasts by us<strong>in</strong>g short oligonucleotides <strong>in</strong> a PCR, J. Cl<strong>in</strong>. Microbiol. 36:1634-1641. Manzano, M., Cocol<strong>in</strong>, L., Iacum<strong>in</strong>, L., Cantoni, C., and Comi, G., 2005, A PCR- TGGE (Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) technique to assess differentiation among enological Saccharomyces cerevisiae stra<strong>in</strong>s, Int. J. <strong>Food</strong> Microbiol. 101:333-339. Manzano, M., Cocol<strong>in</strong>, L., Longo, B., and Comi, G., 2004, PCR-DGGE differentiation of stra<strong>in</strong>s of Saccharomyces sensu stricto, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 85:23-27. Marshall, M. N., Cocol<strong>in</strong>, L., Mills, D. A., and VanderGheynst, J. S., 2003, Evaluation of PCR primers for denatur<strong>in</strong>g gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of fungal communities <strong>in</strong> compost, J. Appl. Microbiol. 95:934-948. Masoud, W., Cesar, L. B., Jespersen, L., and Jakobsen, M., 2004, Yeast <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> fermentation of Coffea arabica <strong>in</strong> East Africa determ<strong>in</strong>ed by genotyp<strong>in</strong>g and by direct denatur<strong>in</strong>g gradient gel electrophoresis, Yeast 21:549-556. McPherson, M. J., and Møller, S. G., 2000, PCR, BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK. Meroth, C. B., Hammers, W. P., and Hertel, C., 2003, Identification and population dynamics of yeasts <strong>in</strong> sourdough fermentation processes by PCR-denatur<strong>in</strong>g gradient gel electrophoresis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:7453-7461. Meyer, W., Mitchell, T. G., Freedman, E., and Vilgalys, R., 1993, Hybridization probes for conventional DNA f<strong>in</strong>gerpr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g used as s<strong>in</strong>gle primers <strong>in</strong> the poly-
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Advances in Food Mycology
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Advances in Food Mycology Edited by
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FOREWORD This book represents the P
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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Contents ix Mycobiota, mycotoxigeni
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CONTRIBUTORS M. Lourdes Abarca, Dep
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Contributors xiii Dilek Heperkan, I
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Section 1. Understanding the fungi
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4 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Furthermor
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6 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Table 1. M
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8 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Major sour
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10 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Major sou
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12 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 3.4. Cycl
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14 Jens C. Frisvad et al. and poult
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16 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 3.9. Zear
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18 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 4.5. Myco
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20 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 4.9. Peni
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22 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Major sou
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24 Jens C. Frisvad et al. only occu
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26 Jens C. Frisvad et al. 1977, Myc
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28 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Kamyar, M
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30 Jens C. Frisvad et al. Pitt, J.
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RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE CHRO
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Recommendations Concerning the Chro
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Section 2. Media and method develop
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BLACK ASPERGILLUS SPECIES IN AUSTRA
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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Black Aspergillus Species in Austra
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174 Marta Bau et al. sporadically i
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176 Marta Bau et al. Table 1. Occur
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178 Marta Bau et al. Table 2. Ochra
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FUNGI PRODUCING OCHRATOXIN IN DRIED
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Fungi Producing Ochratoxin in Dried
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Fungi Producing Ochratoxin in Dried
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Fungi Producing Ochratoxin in Dried
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AN UPDATE ON OCHRATOXIGENIC FUNGI A
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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An Update on Ochratoxigenic Fungi a
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MYCOBIOTA, MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI, AND
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Mycobiota and Citrinin in Black Oli
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Mycobiota and Citrinin in Black Oli
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Mycobiota and Citrinin in Black Oli
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BYSSOCHLAMYS: SIGNIFICANCE OF HEAT
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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Byssochlamys Heat Resistance and My
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EFFECT OF WATER ACTIVITY AND TEMPER
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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Aflatoxin and CPA Production in Pea
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INACTIVATION OF FRUIT SPOILAGE YEAS
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High Pressure Inactivation of Fungi
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High Pressure Inactivation of Fungi
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High Pressure Inactivation of Fungi
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ACTIVATION OF ASCOSPORES BY NOVEL F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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Activation of Ascospores by Novel F
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MIXTURES OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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Mixtures of Natural and Synthetic A
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PROBABILISTIC MODELLING OF ASPERGIL
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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Probabilistic Modelling of Aspergil
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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOURDOUGH BR
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Antifungal Activity of Sourdough Br
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Antifungal Activity of Sourdough Br
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Antifungal Activity of Sourdough Br
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Antifungal Activity of Sourdough Br
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PREVENTION OF OCHRATOXIN A IN CEREA
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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Prevention of Ochratoxin A in Cerea
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RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR FOOD MYCOLO
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Recommended Methods for Food Mycolo
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Recommended Methods for Food Mycolo
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APPENDIX 1 - MEDIA All media are st
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Appendix 1 - Media 351 CYA (1): Cza
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Appendix 1 - Media 353 note that th
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Appendix 1 - Media 355 PCA: Potato
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Appendix 1 - Media 357 Pitt, J. I.,
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Appendix 2 - International Commissi
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362 Index Antifungal agents (Contin
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364 Index Cellulase, from F. culmor
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366 Index Fusarenon X, 15 Fusarin C
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368 Index Mycophenolic acid, 18, 21
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370 Index Phaffia, 74 Phoma tenuazo