Rudarski radovi br 4 2011 - Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor

usiness policy of the company and other.<br />
Different levels of tolerability can be as-<br />
Some holes represent active<br />
failures<br />
Losses<br />
sessed for the same risk, depending on the<br />
person who assesses it.<br />
Fig. 1 Comparison of safeguard systems according to the "Swiss cheese model"[4]<br />
The above Figure 1 clearly depicts the<br />
effect mechanism of potential danger<br />
which, in certain environment (the given<br />
working or other environment), can create<br />
preconditions to become an adverse effect<br />
of possibly measurable severity, causing<br />
losses. In order to avoid this, it is necessary<br />
to establish different mechanisms of<br />
defense and safeguards, protecting from<br />
adverse consequences. Undertaking of all<br />
foreseen defense measures (closing holes)<br />
reduces the possibility of occurrence the<br />
adverse effects and losses. However, in<br />
the real-life situations, there is always a<br />
chance of latent dangers or environmental<br />
influence which can not be avoided.<br />
4. GENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF<br />
HAZARDS IN MINING<br />
According to their genesis, the hazards<br />
in mining can be classified into two types:<br />
1. Natural hazards and<br />
2. Anthropogenic (man-made) hazards<br />
Defining natural hazards, as the ones<br />
which emerge without key influence by<br />
man and anthropogenic hazards as the<br />
Hazards<br />
Other holes represent<br />
latent failures or environmental<br />
influences<br />
Various mechanisms of defence and safeguards per layers<br />
hazards resulting from the influence of<br />
human beings, is complex in the real-life<br />
conditions and especially in the fields<br />
such as coal mining.<br />
In practice, hazards are often qualified<br />
as “natural dangers” or “natural hazards”<br />
even though, in many cases, the attribute<br />
“natural” is disputable and mainly refer to<br />
man's incapability to realize and define<br />
conditions in which such hazards occur.<br />
Thus, in the mining practice, fire resulting<br />
from "self-ignition of coal" is treated as a<br />
natural danger which leads to conclusion<br />
that such fires result from coal's natural<br />
affinity to "self-ignition" and that they are<br />
beyond the objective influence of man.<br />
However, since such ignitions are occurring<br />
due to use of excavation technology<br />
which is to natural characteristics of coal,<br />
such hazards can also be treated as completely<br />
anthropogenic. Stoppages in advancement<br />
of excavation line, high intensities<br />
of pressure potential, deposition of<br />
crushed coal, inadequate early detection of<br />
fire and so on, all represent a series of<br />
"completely man made" causes which<br />
could lead to fire. In this sense, it would<br />
No 4, 2011. 121<br />
MINING ENGINEERING