S.1 Spacecraft Propulsion Systems Chapter 1: Introduction to ...

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Propellant Grain - 50- There are two principal types of propellants: - Homogeneous propellants, which are composed of fuels that contain enough chemically bonded oxygen to sustain the propellant burning process, - Composite propellants, which are composed of organic fuel binders and oxidizers. Most common is the use of composite propellants, usually based on solid aluminium powder held in e.g. a hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) synthetic rubber binder and stable solid oxidizer (ammonium perchlorate or nitro-cellulose, -double based). The propellant is premixed and batch loaded into lightweight simple motors. Typical solid propellant mixtures are listed below: Double-based Propellant (fuel and oxidant chemically mixed) Composite Propellant (fuel and oxidant mechanically mixed) % % Nitrocellose 51.4 Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) 62.0 Nitroglycerine 42.9 Binding material (fuel also) 21.9 Additives 5.7 Aluminium powder (fuel) 15.0 Additives 1.1 Total 100 100 Ref: L.J. Carter, SPACEFLIGHT, Vol. 36, June 1994
- 51- Main Performance of Solid Propellant Motors Thrust level: 50 N (for e.g. spin-up/down of small satellites) ≤ 50 000 N typical for satellite orbit transfer applications; up to 5 ·10 6 N for launcher/spacecraft application. Delivered impulse: ~10 Ns (F =50 N, e.g. spin-up/down of small satellites) ≤ 10 7 Ns for satellite orbit transfer applications Motor-spec. Impulse: ~ 2400 Ns/kg for F ≤ 50 N; ≤ 3000 Ns/kg for F ≤ 50 000 N System-spec. Impulse: 2300 ÷ 2700 Ns/kg (~120 Ns/kg for F ≤ 50 N) Advantages Relatively simple operation Very high mass fraction, excellent bulk density and packaging characteristics Good long-term storage characteristics Disadvantages Not readily tested and checked-out prior to flight Very difficult to stop and restart, throttle, pulse, etc. (hybrid) Limited Isp performance (2400 – 3000 Ns/kg) Limited redundancy with associated reliability and safety issues
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- 1- Chapter 1: Introduction to Spa
Page 3 and 4:
S.3 Need of Propulsion Propulsion i
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Orbit control ORBIT CONTROL compris
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S.4 Reaction-Control System - 7- Th
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Solar Sails - 9-
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S.5 Jet Propulsion System - 11- The
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S.6 Spacecraft Propulsion - 13- Spa
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Impulse bits - 15- Impulse bit is t
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Nuclear propulsion Note - 17- SCHEM
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- 1- Chapter 2: Basic Propulsion Eq
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S.3 Basic Equation of Thrust - 3- B
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S.4 Basic Rocket Equation Total Vel
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- 7- S.6 Propulsion Performance Fac
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Test - 9-
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- 11- S.8 Propulsion System Perform
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- 13- S.9 Type of Propulsion System
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Rocket propulsion device basic part
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- 17- The Effective Exhaust Velocit
Page 37 and 38: Kinetic energy in the expelled mass
Page 39 and 40: - 1- Chapter 3: Spacecraft Propulsi
Page 41 and 42: - 3- S.3 Propulsion System Options
Page 43 and 44: Chemical Propulsion Systems - 5- Ch
Page 45 and 46: S.4 Cold and Hot Gas Systems - 7- C
Page 47 and 48: Cold Gas Systems (Operate) - 9- Col
Page 49 and 50: Typical System - 11-
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Page 53 and 54: Advantages Simplicity and reliabili
Page 55 and 56: Liquid Propellants - 17- Characteri
Page 57 and 58: S.6 Liquid Propellant Systems - 19-
Page 59 and 60: Monopropellant Systems (Operate) -
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Page 65 and 66: Diaphragm Tank - 27-
Page 67 and 68: Advantages Simplicity and reliabili
Page 69 and 70: Bipropellant Systems (Operate) - 31
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Page 75 and 76: Propellant Tanks - 37-
Page 77 and 78: Unified Propulsion Systems - 39-
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Page 81 and 82: - 43- Main Performance of Bipropell
Page 83 and 84: - 45- Dual-Mode systems use hydrazi
Page 85 and 86: Under Development: - 47- A new fami
Page 87: Solid Propellant Motor - 49-
Page 91 and 92: Electric Propulsion Systems - 53- E
Page 93 and 94: Note: - 55- For electric propulsion
Page 95 and 96: Power Augmented Catalytic Thruster
Page 97 and 98: Electrostatic Systems - 59- Electro
Page 99 and 100: - 61- Survey of Electrical Thruster
Page 101 and 102: S.9 Summary - 63- Main characterist
Page 103 and 104: Chapter 4: Spacecraft Propulsion Sy
Page 105 and 106: - 3 - S.3 Propulsion System Selecti
Page 107 and 108: Important indication - 5 - If we as
Page 109 and 110: S.4 Outline of Advanced Spacecraft
Page 111 and 112: Exploration of the Solar System - 9
Page 113 and 114: - 11 - For micro- and nanospacecraf
Page 115 and 116: wafer 4 wafer 3 wafer 2 wafer 1 Sev
Page 117 and 118: - 15 - Potential increase in perfor
Page 119 and 120: - 17 - New Approaches in Advanced P
Page 121 and 122: - 19 - New Approaches in Advanced P
Page 123 and 124: - 21 - Exotic Propulsion Methods: A
Page 125: Literature - 23 - Wiley J. Larsson
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