Untitled - Higher Education Commission

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-1..1 

ffit? 

ffi 

AI

cHlPtEh 4 

EiXPEN IXEM'AL 

4.1, EJtect ol So.ah!@ Sa 

[heat-ueeds trd tl;;i qI the cernlo3tion 

4. 1.1 . Ilqloduct lon 

SorghM has been sh@n to hale suppressrve effsts on 

.rop8 sov,n afte. lt (Bursos_Leon g! al., jgso), Hussain aid 

Cadoon (1981) repo.ted that so.ahlm exhirrlted altelopalrhlc 

effects on c.on pl€nts such as pearl nilret anl neize glod 

Xn association vith so.ahu, Evenari (1949) irdicated ulat 

llant sa!6 aDd Jutces contalned gehlnatlon fthlbitoft. 

oreover,the phj4o{oxic eftects nEy valy !1rh lesidue soulce, 

lts concent.atlon ard the test speci€s (Bho@ r ard Dolt, 

1942). Thls prellllnsy taboratory study ras rnttiated to 

exanine the lhytotoaic effects of solghh sap on the 

AerDination of s@c cdnon veeds ,@nd in vneat a.d as ee1l 

4. t.?, Experi4entat detaus 

Plant oatertat 

ueeit species such s yrld oats clg &jg_a) 

veed (Cowolvurus arveGls) , oanary grass (ph€taris 

aDd larLsqrrartels (q!9!9p$:-g! -4tr4) and yheet cv. 

lere uaed a5 test specles.

4.1.2.1. Enelioent I 

Pet.1d1sh$ of 9 co dlaDeter nere filled ulth 1@ I 

ot srbdy cray loai sotl ard kept a! rood taperatu.e (21t I t) 

lD Agrondy lEboiat@y, tetr seeds each of reed slecies ard 

whealr vele plante

2 52' 

Results Pertaintrg to eftects 

gemtnatloD ot rheat-yeeits ed ,heat 

the follorlDa Paraaraphs, 

4.1.1. i, hriLd oats (4E!-€ lelqa) 

ot s eghan sap on the 

5eql6 d€ presented 

Cernination of ultd oats trested vlth sap vas reduced 

by 40 p€lcet ard seedttig enelgence was delayed by about 5 

ddys as co@pa.ed to controt (FiA, 4.1), about 90 percent 

ee.hbatlon 1n untreated ueed seeds {ss c@pleted on 12th 

day, ,hlle treated {eed seeds bad onty 10 pefc.nt Aernination 

o! that dey aDd only jO lerce.t ot the t esred seeds eernlnated 

ttrl 25th day qfter phntlr€. 

Sidilarly (ex!Er1@Dt 4.1.2.2, tt. apprlcatlon of 

ditferelt concentratioE of s@ahu sap sr€niftcdtty reduced 

SemlrhtloD of,ital oats. Ce.nhstion,as decreased by ZO 

percent, 54 percent and 7/ Dercert at 25 Frcent, 75 pelcent 

and 1OO porcent oi sap ard the inltiatlon oi Adohatton vas 

delayed for 2, A and 1j dar€ lespectlvoly (Flg. 4.2). 

4,1.1.2. B lrrdvoed (99!99!slss a!veG1s) 

the resutts of, experlrelt 4.j.2.1 

revear that €{eminatlon or b,,dveld ,"" lT:::::l;'"' 

lnhiblted. The gernlnatlon rs .educe

100 

80 

e40 

O-.-< Control 

a.----a t!4ted 

10 

saP or rhe g.lninatlon 

&!e,.

i 

100 

E{o 

Ftg. a.2. 

o---{ 

q------.a 

t*l 

25r 

?5r 

l0 15 

Day. alt.! Bdlng 

LO % 

Elf€ct of dtffer.nr conenrratlon6 

tolghu. 6.0 on gqlDlr.ttoD of vild 

{|Jg!s l!!rr) .

!00 

2o 

10 15 

D.yB after .o$ing 

of .olghun aaP or 

€eo (co.Elvulus 4rv€..j.s1.

In aother set of expe.ioent uhere brrd ve€d uas 

treated wtth dliferent concentrattoG of solAhum sap It 

was Dote

L,t9- 

i 

100 

3{0 

20 

o--o 

a-a 

l,_d 

l0 

D.yE att.r 6@ttrq 

Effat ot allff€tent concenrratl.n. of 

sorgnuE .ap on !,ernln.tion of blnil 

(convorvulus r*d 

alvens!.1. 

2o 

I

3. 40 

10 20 

D.yF.ft€!.*irg 

Plg. r1.5. E!f.!ct ot solgbum 6!p on the g.rlinlrion 

ot anarr s!a.. tPhrrar!. g!g), 

30

30 

2o 

t 59t 

Hor 

G-{ ,5i 

cl----.o locr 

t0 

Dry3 .ttar .otng 

!19- 4.5. Alfact o! di!!.!ent .oncentfatlons oE 

6o!9h!h _.ap od lhe lielnlnatlon of 

en rr' eraa6 ($4.e4g @1. 

2o

.60 1 

'r. r.r.4. Ldosquarrers G_:s!r!gqls -el!!-.) 

Tle serninatlon of che.orodiun €lbw y6s tihlbited and 

delayed rhen treated wllh solghun sa!. Cerhl.arlon ras 

delayed by 5 days €m reduced to tO percent in the sap 

tre6ted dlsheB (F1e, 4.2). When diffefeDt conce,trarioG of 

sap vele alipl1ec, the eerninatron,a5 lronoted by 7 lercent 

@e. cont.ol at E louer concent 6tion of 25 percent but 

lbltlatlon oi the gehlnztion vas delardi by J days. At 

75 lerceDt sap concentlation, gelninatlon vas suppossed by 

I per.ent ard delayed fo! 6 days. Wiih tne alptication ot 

10O percent sapr the.e ues no geldinatlon at al1 (Flg. 4,S), 

4.1.3.5. !{heat (:4gs!g aesr.ivuE) 

Application of sorghuD sa! delayed the ,niilstion a.d 

conlletton ol AerElhatlon of whest d conpaa ro control. 

Initlation ot germtnation sas .tetayed by about 6 day6 ih 

t.e6ted wheat eeeds 6nd vas cdpleted ln 1s daye tlne. |{here6s in 

the coltrol ge.hlnation started 6n trd .tay snd ras cmpl€ted 

on 4rh dey of exp,r....nr6r.on (Fis. 4.9). 

npplicqtion of lelious conce.tratroc or sap (diluted 

ui r dlstltled uater) 6tjoved coroiderabte va.ra!ro4 anong 

dlfferent treatnents, dt tower concentratlon 1.e. 2, pe.cent, 

Aernj,n6tlon started ore day later than contro.!, but cohpteted 

one day earlier ard ra€ promote.l by about 4 per.ent ove! control 

(Fig, 4.10). Ai higher concerrratiom there vas signlficant 

lnhibttion shovine about 40 percent ar:d ,o peicent dec4ase in 

gernlnation ol {heat see.t at 25 arl TOO p€rceN sorghun sap 

alltlcation, lespectlvely.

330 

161 | 

O.y6 att€r adlng 

.EIfscE of Borghun s.P or tbe q€lFlnarton 

lch€@odlum q!!!!r . 

l

t62r 

Hor 

zh_a 251 

a< ?5r 

aF---< r0oi 

la 16 

Day! .ft ! 3ovt trg 

LSD g 

t2 t8 

ll9. 1.0. BItoc! ot ditt.r€nt 

&rgh!. 

co€nt!.rtotr. 

x9 d rh.gelntnltid 

r.!b.quu!.!! o! 

rch.tu;Fai; ;i;!;i. 

T 

I 

I

&60 

F60 

z 

Fig. '1.9. Efiect of 

of {he!t 

10 15 

eP on the qeninallon 

{ 

.J

1oo 

lHot 

rH ?5. 

a'--{1oor 

10 15 

D.y8 aft.! 6@!ng 

ttD ,( 

,.+--+---.!.--5-A 

d'P-----{------o----+--o-----o 

04 

Elq, 4.10. Eft.cr ol d!tt.!e!t cdc.ntlattonB 

oI EorgtruD a.p o! !h€ sslrlnauon 

vh..t (!!!tL€'r. ...tlvu.l.

4.1.4, Dlscusston 

ce.nimtion ts an thp@taDt paraneter rhich rettects 

rne .espoEe of specles to thetr innedrane e.vrronhent. 

Ihh.tbition or pionotlon of seruination inftuehces plant 

denslttes, thelr dlst.ibution and glorth. ce.niiatton oi veeds 

and vheat was tnhitjrted and delayed by aFpllcation o, so.ghun 

sap lndicatihs the aUelopathlc eflects of 6o.ghm. pre6ence 

of seed Aernination jhhibtiors In ltabt sap6 has beeD reported 

by 8va@rt (199). The reslotrse aoong vsrous ,ee

,66.. 

evaluatlDg the alle1opathlc eftects oJ Hope uhtte tu!1ne 

GrPjItE -cf!!g) horbase ard herbaae exrracts on ,ee

4.2. Elfect of Sorshuo tate. Extract oB tte C€rolnation 

of S ooe lriest-y*ds ana 

6.2.1, Intro

convefted to percedaae. 

:68: 

4.2.2.2. Exoerlnent 2 

sualt plastlc pots (15 co dladetd ard 15 ch depth) 

*e!e fi11ed uith 1 ks sariyclay loan soi1. Dlffe.eni concentre 

tton8 ot the st.act 1.e. 25 p€rcent, 50 perceDi, 25 percent 

am lOO percent cere plepsred by

DAS Untle- Tleated 

L2 

3 

5 

13.3 o 

20.0 4 

20.0 0 

20,0 6,3 

33.3 6.3 

13,3 5.1 

33.3 13.3 

.69t 

Etfect ot sorghui {.te! 6xtlact on the qelninatlon 

ol {eeds .nd eheat 6eeds . Ihe valueg ale Feans of 

6.6 

25 -6 

33.3 

46.6 

,16.6 

DAS = Day. afte! sowtnli. 

0 

26.6 

25.6 

26.6 

0 

o 

6 

13.3 

53.3 

0 

0 

0 

66.6 

100.00 

56.6 

46.6 

35.6 

36.6 

46.5 

86.6 

45.6 

35.6 

. The Cirf€lence rn p€rcenrage gelninatro, beteeen treaced 

s€ec6 at ta6! dare3 vas slgniricant in ue€d6 uhile, 

non-sasntrtc.nt j,n rhea! at 5 pelcent plababillty level tr.,re;it:

Eftect of sorqhum 

3eeorrnq q.owth of 

riqbt, lreated ,ith 

sorghuh to 20 parts 

pot experinent th6n that of perrl d&h bloassay, rncreashe 

the concentratlon ot ext.act caBed lncreased getuination 

iihtbttion. The leductton in serEination frod tbe tovest 

concentratioh to the hlghest ras tn the order ot ,t5,22, 1j 

arxt 40 percent r6pectrvely (Fi8. 4.12).

Effect of sorghun 

seedlinq qrdth of 

nght, treated vith 

sorqhuh to 20 palts 

pot experbeht than ihat ol peirl dlsh bloassayr IncreaslnA 

the concertr.tlon of srt.act ca$ed lncreased getuhatlon 

Inh1bltlon. fhe reductlon tn gerolnatlon tro the lorest 

concentratlon to the hi8h4t 163 In the order ot 1r,2?,31 

ard 40 pelcent r$pectlvely (Fre. 4,12r.

Prate 4.t. Effecr of sorghum 

natron and.eedtins growrh of 

11 part of sorghum to 20 parts

vlth solEhur ,ster 4tract (P1ate 4,1), In poi experilent, the 

appucatlon of varlous concentrations of sorghufuater est.acr, 

delayed ard suppressed germlnation of vl1d oat s€eds, On 15th 

day stter sdlng the eehlbatton ras only 60 percent, 52.5 

p€.ceni, 50 percent srd t0 percent *1th yater extract 

colcentratloDs t,e, 25, 50,75 ard 1@ leroent respecttvely 

vhereas lt ras aO percent 1n the control trestoent (Fig. 4.11). 

The higher concentratlon of the {ater extlact vas Do.e 6upFe- 

55ive than the loner as the lncrea8e ln concentlation caused 

delay In lDitiqtlob o? ge@1Eti@ ard also suppr'essed the 

percent Setutnated Eeed6. 

4.2.3.2. Blt1d yeed (Sgg-g]$lrg -CIc94) 

rn pet.i d16h bioaisay, th€ lr.lttatlon ot gemlratlon 

oi blnd ueed (,Sgyg!!]$ 3lyg!€jr) va6 detayed by flve days 

aid reduced io sbout 20 pElcent in treated drshes (Tab1e 4.2.,t) 

Htu4er, the 6flect of so,ghuo uate! ext.sct on seedlirg 

siwth vaE not clea! (Plate 4.2). 

The effect ot difterent concent.atioE of sorahu 

uater extract on blnd veed g€rEinatlon ves lelEttvely nde i! 

lot exper.lbent than tbrt ot pet.1 dlsh b1oassay. Iereastng 

the concentration ol extiact caBed increased aeroi@tlon 

inhibitlon. The leductiob 1n gembatlon fron the tdest 

colcentlatlon to the biAh4t ras 1n the orner or 15,2't, 1t 

ard 40 pe.cent respectively (Ftg. 4.12).

100 

s80 

i 3ro 

o---o 

a-a 

('-€ 

tn? 

25t 

5o! 

75! 

,.00t 

!{9. a.tl, !!l.ct o! .orghun r.rc! 

$tolnatlon ot vi ld er 

20 

Drt6 afte! .oLng 

25

: t)l 

Plate 4,2. Effecr ot sorghum vatc! exrlaci on 

cnd seedtrng q'ovrh ol brnd ueed 

':. :_!!:r!!sr. riqhr, i,ecred 

z0 parts of Hatert.

tl0 

Hor 

a--{ ?5r 

q!-----€ l0or 

15 20 

Day. .lt€! soslnE 

r''g. 4.12. Effect of $rgbun ster extr.ct or the 

g€roilatton o! bl.il reeit (convolv'rru. 

rrD y 

T 

I 

I

t75 l 

4.2.1.1. vetch (vicis sattva) 

rhe sernlnatlon o{ vetcb (v1cia.!g!lIe) s6eds ,as 

altected adversely by sor'8hun rate. extract. In petri dlsh 

bioassay treated vetch seeda did not Seroibte uptil 15th

t ?6 1 

Plate 4.3. Eftect of sorghun {ate! 

gerrunatron of verch tvtuia sativa 

lrght, treated "rr\ srqhm 

sorghun ro 20 Part3 {ater). ,arer €xtracr (L part

to0 

I' so 

2 

3ro 

tnl 

o----o or 

a€ 75t 

15 20 

Dat. afls sdtng 

F19. a,13- Etf€cr ot .olghuo,ar€! .xr!.ct on th. 

96!nlna!r.on ot v.t h (vlcr.a ..rtvat. 

r.9 t6 

T 

l

Plate 4.4, Effect ot sorqhun racer 

tnit seedlrng q!@th of 

Err, un.rcated;righrr Eleareit Hrrh 

{1 part solqhun to 20

,.?9. 

exlelloent (4.2.2.2) the lnttiatlon o! gerdnation ras delayed 

by ole or tvo days in sorAhum {ater extract treatnent as 

cobpa.ed to control (Fig. 4.14), Hovever, gernletio! ras 

ccnpleted ,-5 days earlle. than the cont.ol. In treated pots 

generauy total gerni&tion *as 2.5 lercent hiSher th2n 

contlol Ib a1l the concentratlons. 

4.2,4. Di6cusslon 

T}'e results ot the experioents explarhed abole lead to 

a lossible conctusio! tnat gernination ot reeds {d aflected 

dillerently than vhe6t seeds ly sorAhuD {ate. extract. Delay 

and inhlbitton in the gerninatlon of thee ueeds vd ohserved 

both in pet!1 dish bioassay as ve1l as lot exper tnent (Table 

4.2.1, Flgs. 4.11, 4.12 ard 4.1r), The irtlibltlon ot AerDlnatlon 

atd g.tuth of nany slacles vrtb sorehu! {ater extracts has beon 

reported by cuehzt ard t4cca11a (1962), Hqsssln and cadoon (1931)j 

Lehle and lutnam (l98l). ConBlde!1ng the effects ot varer 

exi.act on the lndlvldual leed slecies 1t ua6 noted that 

geroirEtion .eduction in vetch ard nlrd reed {as so@vhat 

oore than vlld oat. Thls nay be attltbuted to species specttlc 

auelolgthlc effects (gu6satn g! g-1,, 1935). Vh1le deternlnir)a 

the effects of diffelent concentratioB of sor'ghun uater ext.act, 

it vas seen that increased concentration enhanced germlrEtlon 

inhlbltlon ahd delayed its inltlatlon. Sirtlai flrdlngs xere 

reported by overland ( 1956) , 

the effect of sorghun wate. ext.6ct on {heat seed 

Sernimtlon 1n petri dlsh asssy and pot 4lerlment vs not

100 

930 

.i 

3ro 

3b3 

o-.o0t 

a< 25t 

t'< 5or 

lH ?5r 

a-{.1Oor 

10 15 

D.y. .lt.! roslng 

Fig. {-1'I. Efl.ct ol .olghuD {.t€t sxtr.ct 

g.trlll|tlor ol {h..t llrlttcu

co$istent. In tleated petll d1she6, the initial sernination 

was no.e then untreated dlshes, htueve., gernlnation inc.eas€d 

tater in utreated seeds ahd {ss 1nh$tted by 14 percent in - 

treateil seeds (labIe 4.2.1), Holever, tlle seeduns erovth h 

tleated dlshes {as simllar to untreated ones (Plate 4.4). 

Ceminatloh per cert of uheat seeds ln pot experi4ert, with 

ditrerent concentratioc of sorghun uater extract vas affected 

diilerently as comlared to petil dlsh bloassay. Initial 

gerBinatlon lllh hlghet concentretion of extract {as inhibtted 

(aig. 4,14) but later on it uas c@lteted earlier th.n control. 

O! latb day ol experlnenl, ge.nlnatlon in all tIE treatoents 

ras 1ncleased by lou! pel cent over coniaol. Thls ttrdlng is 

not in accordance rlth ihe .esults repo.ted by cue@t dd 

ccaDa (1962), vho obseryed alout 1oo le.cent ir,hibition ol 

{heat ge.nlnation ulth vater extract ot so.ghun stalks 

extracted at 25%. the lnrtlbltlon in gerElnatlon E.ight lre due 

to a dilferent nethod used. They soaked the seeds in sorghun 

vater extract fo. slx hours aid the! lIaced then bet{eet 

eelDination pape. h petrl d16he5, snd st} milliliters ol 

extract uas added taier on. Vhelea5 in our study the seeds 

,ere s4n In 1@ g non-Bterrllzed 5011 1n the letri dishes. 

Blodeeradatlon of phytoto*lclty 1n sol1 (Barhes and Putnao' 

19e5) nleht be the .eason lor relatlvely 1es5 effect on rheat 

seed gerntn.tlon, thsn observed by Cuenzt and l'tccalla (1962). 

the effect ol vater extlact on veed8 ge.nlnation and vheat 

6eed shbved the Ellelolithic lotentlal and exlstence of

I A2 l 

rate. soluble substaees ln 34ahu pl.nts, lh13 c@tlr@d 

the findinas of Hussain arrt C odoon (19a1)' Lehle and Putn6n 

(1981), i,ho lepdted the .ri.Etence of ester 8ollbfe a11slo 

cheoicale ir loighu plants, the g.€ater irhlbltdy ettect ot 

Ecerntu Tster e)ctlect on r6.ns than rheat 6.eds geEiratlon 

l,a both petr! dlsh ard pot e4).llrehts lnlicated the po..lbluty 

of u6hg sorghu plaht matertal to suwre88 weeds {ith llttle 

or no han to tho Dain eop.

. a1 t 

ErrecI or ChoDoed Sorah@ aLerla] on Cerrihtlon 

ard Crowth of teeds and Vheat 

4,1,1. Introductlon 

(eeplr€ in vter the results oI tabo.atory t.ials rith 

sorahun sap (4.1,r) and sorghuh wate! dtract (4.2.1) it ras 

thoueht to exaoine the aUelopathlc effect6 of sorghu, ih a 

lelatlvely Eore natural edilo@elt (net house) than ihat of 

taboratory. The gelnination dryl arouth of othe! !1ant species 

has been repoted to be suppressed by sorghun her!6ge 

(Hus6ain and cadoon, 19ar). cue!21 6nd Mccalla (1966) lnltcated 

that deconposing sorghu herbase hight.elease p-coune.ic 

actd i. sufflclent quaniity ln to.atlzed a.e6s of the sotl 

to affect plant grovth. Thls study {as, the.efole, taken u! 1n 

a net hose to see the elfect ot chopped sorghu naterial on 

the gernlnation and gr@th ot sooe comon uheat-leeds and 

4' l. 2' g!s:ue43!-3s!s!.1: 

In thls trlal tlree veed specles 1.e. vild oats, blrrt 

veed, borrsqudtels and a vheat cv Bahavalpu-7g, ve.e 6ed 

aa test spectes. Cholped .olghun oaterlal (detaik 6howb 1n 

chapte! ,) v6 nlxed {ith ssrdy clay 1oa! 6o1t (Vu) in the 

fouryirA p.oporiloE, 2 percent, 4 percelt, 6 lercent arrr 

A percent. China clay pots neasullrA 25 x 25 cn vere fitled 

vith a oixtur€ of so.ghun + soit accddlig to the treatne.rs. 

The control pots vele fi1led {ith 15 kg sandy ctay toao soit 

alone. Ten leeds each oI th. LesL sp..jes vere prante.i per 

pot ard the pots eere kelt nolst eitb ca.al uater. fhe

experioent ras laid oulr 1n a coopletely .ardootzed desian rlth 

lour reptlcates, CernlrEtlon ra8 record€d on alterhate days 

tiIl its cdpletion. lest Epecies were haryested 90 days 

after plantin8 at the !Bl@n veSetatlve sidth stege for 

recording lreEh blonass alai then .lrted 1n an oven at ?ot 

tlU constant le1ght to record dly das3. 

Resulis pertalnins !o the effect. of 

eate.lal on Aelalnatlon ard Cr@th of tbree 

ln pot exIE! ln€ht urder net house cordtttons 

4. r. r,1. c erllnatton 

are Fesenied in 

Va.ious levelB ol chopped sdghuo sianltica.tly 

aIlected the gerrnistlon ot reeds ard eheat. It vas lnblblteil 

h atl the weed specles treste

t60 

40 

o-------o 

H 

20 2a 

Err€ct oI choppeit .olqhun (e/wt on rhe 

gerrh.tlonof ulrd oat {a!fr t.tu).

: e5: 

ge.Elnatlob percenta€e {as 90 ard coDpletear rith.l! 20 day6 

afte. plantlns, rhereaE olty 40 !e!eeni, 45 percent ard ,2.5 

le.cent seeds geroinated on the sajDe day in pots t.eated {ith 

2 pelcent, 4 percent am 6 perceht .ho!!s sorglu hass, 

reslEctively. while ln pots treat€d uith I lercent (v/v) 

chopped sorahun hass, no gerhination occLrred t111 ?]Id day 

(ais. 4.15). cerninatlon started on 24th day and,as lo 

percent. IDteresttngly, the gemhation vas capleted ylthln 

folr days anr vaE 5 percent htahe! than cont.ol. 

chopped solAhuo srraed retatively less effect oh 

gerulration oMhd rcal (Fig. 4.15). Inttiauy gerolhatioD 

ln tleated pots vss about ,-20 lercent loler th& the co.trol, 

but late. tt ,as less tha control onry be 2.5 - 5 percelt, 

i! alt the four levets of chopled so.ghum @ss. Hoeever, at 

the hlshegr 1evel (q,t se4inarion 1nfti6rion ess

,gfr 

Hor 

,---- tl 

H6r 

!19, a.16. E !.ct o! chopFd solgbun 

ol btnd seit lconvolvulu. 

2a 

32

E 

100 

6o 

H0l 

:84! 

o----O . ar 

t-{ 

3t 

2a 

D.Y. .ft€! ading 

LsD x 

TI 

Ftgi'rJ7- Bfr€ct ol cbopp.d .orgbu ls/sl on th. 

qsniFtlon o! lsnbsqq.lt ta (S!9!9!99!C! 4.!!!) 

32 

ao 

a6

! a9: 

lhe elfect of varjous 1eve1s ol chopp€d Borghun on 

the AerElnatlon of rheat uas dlfferent than that of ueeds 

(Fig. 4.14), The initlation of gerbination took place on 

the see day 1n both A le.cent as ,elt as cont.ol treat@Dts, 

theleas gerdination inltlatlon oi rild oats, blhd veed ard 

labGquerters at A lercent leve1 {es detayed by 10, a and 

a days, respectively, At 2 lercent tael of solghuo @ss the 

gerottatlon pe.centage uds l1tt1e bit hlghe. than control h 

the beghnl.a (Fie. 4.18), Horder, at the tine ol cdpletion 

of gerninatlon it ,aB inhlbtted 1n the range of 12.5 - 2A 

lercent 1! atl tle treatnents. the ge.ntmtlon ol vheat us 

conlleted tn 6 days, vbereaE the gemi@tlon oi u11d oats 

conplete

00 

86 

la 

H 

o!-d 

H 

! 903 

2t 

12 la 15 

Dry6 rlt t ldlng 

?r.o. a.18. Blt.ct ol choPP.il .o4hun lr/rl on ItF 

g.'rl'Dtion oi rn{t t!49&r! !!ry!g!l '

591 

il 

2l 

il 

9l 

T 

3

| 92. 

ji;;;:,:";;i;p;il{!.::!i,,".ft ,i.:=r,

| 9tr 

Plate 4.6. Effect of choPP€d sorEtrun on the qe.ni- 

nation and se€ttling glo{tb of bind eeed lg.arvensisl 

Flom light to rel!, untr€lt€d , tr€.t€d rith 2, a. 6 

and 0 pe.eent .hopped sorghun

t 94 l 

6 percert. Hov4er, at I lercent ldet tb6 reductlon i! tuesh 6nd 

dry yelahts oi vl1d oats vas atatisticatly on pa! ,tth 6 pe.cent 

orolth of !1nd ueed vas also affected vlth diffe.ert 

1evels of chopled sorghuD (P1ate 4.6) but the eflect at 2 pelcent 

tevel ras 1e3B lroDounced. lhe flesh 6rd dry uelAhts in case of 

2 percent 1evel chopped sorlhu! rc.e on pa elth controt, yhe.eas 

at 4 percent, f.esh ard dry *lghts ol btud veed rc.e sknlftcantlt 

leduced. Cholped sdghun at 5 pe.cent did not a{fect the lresh 

a4t dry vetritE, but at A lercent the dry ue18ht vas decrea6€d. 

Effect of chopped sorghun on ihe gr@th of ldbsqurte.s 

ras Dore prolourced (Plate 4.4. At 2 pdcent 14e1, lresh v€ight 

vd reduced by 74 percent 6Dd dry ,er€ht by 6? percent, c@par.d 

to cont.ol. ltlth 4 ge.cent cholped sorghu, loth Jresh ard dly 

ueishts {ere sisnlflcantly les6 thar pots treated rith 2 percert 

chopped EsEs. the decrease 1n lresh ard dry vekhts yar 92 perceni 

ard Al p€.cent over contlol, reslectively. At hlghe. levels 1.e. 

6 prcent ard A percent, the flesh atxt dry eelAht ras slolta! to 

4 pe.ceni 1evel. These .esultE clearly lndicate sode sori ol 

a11etolathlc etfect ot chor,ped Borgha @ the g!@th ot {eeds. 

Crosth of rheat sas also affected s&nlllcantly vtth 

vdi@s levels of chopDed solghuo (Plate 4.8). Ab@t 22 pe.cent 

leduction In fresh rei.ght @curred ehen 2 percent chop!€d 

sorghuD uas added but at thls Ievel dry eeight ot theat rdalned 

equal to control (Table 4.1,2). Decrease 1n tr63h blobas6 va8

Prate 4. r. Dfrect of 

iatron and seedtind 

.(cheto!od!uh 6_t!llri. 

:95: 

chopped eorqhun 

g.owth oF l.nb.qu..rers 

rron rlghc io lefL, unrleated: 

ano U perc€nt chopped.oiqhum

Effect of .ihopped sorqhum on the qernl_ 

of vhear rTr ri'Jn ae6rrvLn) 

'o rerL, JallaaEeo; !r-ar"iI;iE:2,r, 'ff-d 

chopped sorqhum (w/a) .

197. 

Etatlsticalty d11felent In all the t.eatments, vheleas dry velght 

vith 4 percent so.ghu lass ras siAnttlcantly less then that lron 

lots treated v.tth 2 percent sorghud. Dry veicht also slgniltcantly 

leduced vith 6 percent solghun, but thele vas no fulthe! decrease 

In dly hass with A lercent sorghun (Table 4.r.1). Thes€ lesults 

irdlcate that at lorer level 1.e. 2 percent,sorshm naterlat had 

little eflect on vheat dry velght c@pared to vild oats arrl 

4. r.4. Discusslon 

Cbopped sorghu nass sh@ed a1t€1olsthic elfects on 

all the test slecles. Hovever, such eftectr ue.e relatlvely less 

o4.one spc1e6 and nore pronouncd on the others, The effect 

on aerBination and sutsequent seedllng a.oath ras quite cled 

(args. 4,15, 4.16,4.1? atd lab1e 4.1.1). Aior€ the veeds tesied, 

the germl@tlon ol v11d oat. 6nd lantBqus.ters vd sl8nlJicdily 

suppressed by chopped 6o.ghuh, ,hereas ihe SerDinatlon ol bird 

veed vas less atfected. C@parine vitd oats ad td0bsquade.6, 

the later aplealed to !e nde sec1t1ve, Cernlnatton ol 

lambsquarters {as decreased as the quantlty of chopped sorghu 

incleased. Differential aUelopaibic ellects on slecle3 have 

been denoretrated by Ptsls !! gl. (1985). sin a.ly Hussain a.d 

Cadoon (1981) lndlcated tbat phytotoxlcliy vas dtflerent on the 

sensltivity ot the test specles. Eltect on the Aernlnatlon ol 

eheat vas cmpa.stivety less tbaD that ot ,eeds. The 8e.mi@tlon 

of {heat initlated on the sane day in all the treatnents, {hile 

In v1ld oats, blnd vEed and lambsquarters {as delayed by A-10 dayE

at the highest leve1 (S). l,to.ede., gerDilation of {heat 

conpleted 1n a relativety short time in all tl'e treatnents 

.onpared to wild oats and lanbsquarters, vhere the apttlcation 

of choppod sorghuE nass in addltloh to 5ulpres6ion, delayed the 

lnitiation and coEpletion ol gerElnation. This dlfferential 

elfect on veeds and crop 15 lnportant tuon reed enag@ent poht 

ol v1er. l.eed infestation at early gr@th stage of the crops 

result tn t.eDendous decleaso In tlel yie1d. thls perlod oay 

vary f.or c.o! to c.op, but generalty criticat !e.1od of veed_ 

c!o! lnterference is 4-a veeks (Z1ndah1' 1930). Detayed 

gerDlnation initiation of the ueed sreeies for a-10 days ard 

delayed cobpletlon of eernlnatlon !y chopped sorahun suagest 

the pos3rble role of altelochmlcE in 6orBhM. It conflmed 

the tirdings of Puirbn drd DeFrrnk (19?9);HussaiD and Cadoon 

(1981) vho rclorted aflelopothlc eflects ot solghun. 

Conslderirg the effect on glovrth of,reeds and oheat' 

Id te.ms of bioEas6 accuulstlon, there {as signlflcant reduction 

ln both tresh and dry leights at vatious 1eve1s ol sorghm 

nate.ial, Fresh and dry velghts of tanbsquarters vere @rkedly 

dec.eased even at 1mst so.ahu I4e1 i.e. 2 lErcent (Table 

4.1,1). Flesh and dry ve18ht .osldersbly declesBed but beyord 

4 lercent the decrease vas statlsticatly non signltlcant. 

Lambsquarter vas folloved by rtld oats. Blonass of {11d oats vas 

giaduauy reduced {1th a}1 the treatnentE, hotever, the declease 

in tresh and dry {eights {as not signlficant b€vorxl 6 pefcent. 

At the lo{est leve1 of sorghuD mass 2 lerceni there vas

,99. 

coreiderable decrea6e 1n fresh ard d.y veights oJ vild oats. 

BloDass of birrd veed {as atso .educed vith chopped sorgh@. The 

difference bet*een control ard 2 pe.cent chopled sdghw ,as 

not siAnificant. vrhite boih fresh ard dry reighfs ol blrd veed 

rere stenlflcantly .educed at 4 pe.cent of cholled sorghum, 

hdever, the .eductlon beyord 4 percert vas non siAnlflca.t 

except the dry veight of blnd veed at a le.eent cholled sorShun 

uas docreased. Ceroination and grortb ot biDd weed {as relatlvely 

less affected, wh1.h ts contradlctory to the response o{ blnd 

ueed ln case of so.ehun sap and rate! extract trials (Sectlon 

4.1.1 aid 4.2,1), uherc tbe aerntnatlon of bird wed vas delayed 

ard suplressed role than other rceds. Studies in tlE p86t also 

slgeest that altetopathic eff€cts and respotue ol slecles alier 

yith ihe chanse i: the ew.troment (Rice, 19e4). c.o\ttlt o! vheat 

,6s signilicdtly alfecte

: 100 : 

4'4. E-!&si_4_LE!.:g:gl_-E-9ri!s_.llsE:4_:! 

ihe Alsence ot VrEat 

4,4,1. Ihtroductlon 

The presence of allelochenlcs in so.ghu he' been 

obsew€d by cuenzl ard xccaua (1S2). The inhibltory eiiects ol 

Eolghw eatla.t or restd!€s on geminatlor a.nl sedlllng Arovth 

of vs.ious pla"t species uer'e noli"ed (!utn@ aili DeFrank, 1979; 

Lehele .nd Putnari, 19@ ;Hus saln and cadoohJ98l).flE laboratD.y aN net. 

nouse trlats {ith sorehun Ba!, ,rater extract aii chopled solghud 

(1,.1, t,.2 aro 4.1) irxlicrt.d the s!ieul6tory or ,nhtbii,ory 

ettecls. Little inJ@@tion is availaLle on the ellects ot 

sorghuh iesidues on ciop ar{l veeds prevelen; in llald. Sone of 

the resear.i(rs have, horever, reporled that residues oi harn 

yard grass arxl gl6ni loxtaU reduced corn yietd rheleas coln ard 

glsnt ioxtall restdues enhan.ed soybean y1e1d 1n the fi€1d 

(BhdmLk ed Doll, 1942). sth11a!]y pu ls €t €1. (19e5) obse!\'ed 

selectlve inhibltlon @ p.,m.tlon oI popuration(s) ard grtrth ol 

veeds with v.r.lo8 crop iesldues lncl(dtng so.ghu. Effectlveness 

of allelochenics under lield conditions 1s stltl not ve4 c1e6r. 

The gr@th b:h.viou. ol ,eeds Arovtng tDcependently 

and thelr resrlonse to various crop.esldues Dy be dlffelent 

ther vhen glovn ir' a6soclatlon vith a cro!. The obJectlve ot 

thls stu,ty vas to look into the altelopsthic eff' {-ts ol 

irlgaied s@ghri on {e.ds und€r lieu conditior.

4.4.2. Expe!1nenta1 detalls 

t 1O1 t 

gglgu bicolor cv. "ts.261 {as seeded on 24.a.1944, 

11,7,19E, {'t 17.7.1Xt,, y\lh strgle rov had dril each year 

at a .ate Df 25 ks ha-1 in 45 (:m €palt r@s. sorghud r. celve

: 102 : 

seneble.a 4!Slg9 . chenopodlun sIElB, !S!fl!]€ -p.e.@ a'd 

A.!CS.C]!.: -egg:jf durine the years of exlerinentation. !!gle4! 

@iror vas ne{ addttlon to the exlstlrg veed flora dui.g 1986 

Fobably tlrouah canal {ater. A te{ lbrn:s of 9.I!999! gC9!.I194 

and Codolvul$ ane6is were atso not€d. 

Res!1t6 peltainine to the elfects of brigeted sorAh@ on 

veeds 1n the absence of uheat crop (fal.lo{) ulder lield cordltloc 

are pr':sented th iht3 section. 

4.4.1.1. lotal veed deGltv 

Total ueed lolulatlon va6 saAntflcsntly affected by 

dlffe.ent treatnerts dDri.A three yea.s of the exFerjnent 

(Tat'te 4.4.1). Lovest veed declty vas olseded ln plots 

tleated vith roots + steh and the vhole sorghum lncorporated 

at etlrtty du.lng eacn year ol the studyt Incorroration of 

roots + teaves also resulted ln tover veed sta j than control 

dur1.g all the years of exFerinentatlon. In !1ots vhere so.ghw 

uas ulrooted at @tu.ity, reed decity {as less than control 

du.ina 1945, rhereas 1t rs hlghest ard signitl.antly gr€aie. 

than controt durjng 19a6 ard 19a7. weed nunber ln !1ots {ith 

5olghuo lncorporated at p.e-floverinA, vas t4er durtng 1945, 

higher tn 1946 a*l statistlcally the saoe in 198-7. 

the eflects of trlgated sorghum on indlvldual veed 

slecles re.e selective as the populatlon ol certaln veeds ua6 

incre6sed ,hi1e that of others delressed, the behaviou ot 

irdtvtduat veetl g.@th is gtve! as loltols,

.!b 4.1.1, Ellect o! iiligateit .olgtrun on totlr eted 

populatlon(n-2) in the abE.nce of wheat.. 

Cdrrol (No so.Ehum) 

sdShqn incorpor.rion 

ar p.e-lloverinS 

so.Shud !Proor.d 

sorghum roor! incorpo- 

.arron ar matu.ity 

so r tnum roor r + 

s..o Inco.po.ation 

SorShun roorr l 

F.v.s !.corporario 

vhol. $rlhum in6r 

pa..ion ai @i4iry 

'. :jl,,lT, H"S.iffr'i:i.i6"i,i.ilj:*- 

t18, 1986 l98U 

:127.1 ar 744.3 b 48t.t b 

63.? cd 814,0 a 492.1 b 

81.1 b 359.3 a a62-1 t 

72,! bc 541.3 c a69.3 b 

32.0 e 308.0 d 2t1.! d 

51.? cd 663.0 c 15a.3 c 

48,7 it€ 348.0 d 299.? d 

in a corlhn di,fer si8niti-

4.4,1.2. Purple Nutsedse (q4CIy€ totutdus) 

Perusel or lable 1.4.2 snors lhst populat on of 

C. rotrrdus vas signiticantly reduced urder all the so.gh@ 

treatne.ts compared uith cont.ol du!1ng each yeor of the 

ex!€rirent. Although all Bolghuo treatments sulpressed 

9..a.9!gg!9, ye1, so.shuh roots + sten apleared to be nost 

effectlve in all the yeds iollowed by vhole sorghum durine 

1945 ard 1947, ho*ver, the nsbe. or9' roiudN in 1946 ,ith 

vhole sorAhln incorloratlon vas hielre! than other sorahw 

treatrents except that oi sorehu roots + Ieaves incorpolated 

4.4,1,1. Knot veed (!9us9!s! !gUsgl!!) 

lhe populatlon or !. !g]&IEll vas elther Foooted or 

supplessd ulder various sorghun tre€tmnts (Table 4.4.r). Iis 

poputatlon vas 6ne.a11y 1o{ durire 196t, incresed re@rkably 

in 1945 ard decrease

.105, 

L6L 4. r.2. attect ol illlgated .orghud on 

(srPerg. rotsdus) aen.ity ti-2, 

of th€at. 

co^nol (No $rthun) 

Sorghum incorporation 

3r prc-f low.rint 

Sorghum uproor.d 

sqShud roots inco.por.rlon 

.t maturiry 

Sorah!m .oot3 + 

3t.m in.orpor.ii6n 

Sorshun .6ori + 

l.rves Incorpor.tto 

Vhole $r8hun ile, 

F.tio .l Nturirt 

l. A.y t{o m.w mt rhrinr a 

enity .r 5$ Fo6.hith, bi.l 

t9r5 t936 t9a7 

108.? at 

65.3 d 

55.3 41 35. O c 

60.3 d 

5r.I d 36. ! c 

92.1 c 27. O d 

in a otunn drltd 3i!niti-

:106: 

T!bl. 4.{r. Dtlect ot llrlgated Eorgbun on knor re€it 

lEsLrggls! lglltrllu rienslty lr-21 in 

the abaelc€ o! oheat. 

Coni.ol (No $rghuh) 

Sdthun in@rporarton 

al pr.-IlowerinE 

Sorthun up.oor.d 

sorShm @r' in.orpor.!ron 

.t n.ru.ity 

5orghum roor 3 + 

...n lnco.po..t|on 

Sor8hom .ooi5 a 

l..v.s inco.por.rio 

Vnol. sanum in@F 

pqrnon .t m.turhy 

l, t986 t, 

7.7 cdr 275.3 . 180.7 b 

4.3 d 325.0 b Lta.l c 

4.0 al 47r,0. 258.3 a 

5-7 .d 215.1 c 109.? c 

l7-1 , 12I.0 d ?8.? d 

ll.3 !b 271.3 c 11a.7 c 

9.7 bc 122.7 d 68.1 a 

r. ]\ly,rro @ d dstrB . tcrts h d|rlM i. I

4.4.1,4. Dock (BgEr .gs$sjgr ) 

Incorpolation ot irlleated s@Ah@ shded slgDMcanl 

elfect on the decity of3, gc$.g!l€ (tabre 4.4.4). the populatlon 

ot B. l]lglglgg durjrg 1985 vr6s vely low rsnglns 0.7 r,o 

1,7 plants (t_') ir al1 the tEat@nts rhereas 1t lrcressed 

slanlflcarltly (42 to 126 plarts n-') 1n 1985 a"d Eho{d a 

.tecreaslna trend (rl ro ?6 prants ._2) autrre t9s7. 

E. -qs4gjfE populatlon vaB p.odoted by incdpdatton 

of so.ghuD at lle-tlos€.lnA ard uFoottig of solah@ at naljurlty 

duln8 1985 and 194? (Tab,le 4.4.4). The denBlty of R, dentaru5 

ln these t eatoents wss stgniflcsntry higher than otlFr treat- 

nent3 dur'1.ns 1985 and €47. 

th€ population of R. 

aDd rhole so.ahun rastairly 

1947. 

tlCT: 

4,4.1.5. S{1ne clesg (Senelrela dldvtra) 

dentatus {1ih 8olghua rootB + stan 

lor aB corpared to contlol dEiltg 

It 1s evldent tron the data (tabte 4.4.jt that the 

den3lty oJ g. glgEC vas suppressed rlth the ircorpolst1@ of 

sdghun .oots + sten, rhole sorghu ard sorghu roots + Ieaves at 

lratullty iluiD€ 1986 atd 19€rl, horeve!, in 19A5 thet aff€ct vs 

,ot suptr$s1ve, lathe! sorghum rootu + leaves and ehole 

sorahm sh@ed a Fo.rctive effect. 

93lE!1sls 319.8-. pop"latlon ulda sdshu uprooilns, 

sorghu4 !oot6 lncorporatlon at natulty and so.Ahw lncdporatlon

T.!lG 4.4.4. Effect of tlrisated .orghun or dock (Runex dent.tus' 

d€.sitt {._rt tn th6 ab.ence oi uhear. 

C&irol (No $.glEn) 

sdAtum ieqDohrio 

!t pre-tlow..i.t 

so.Shun !Croorcd 

Saghuh rcoi3 iEorpc 

r:tion ar matu.itt 

Sorgh!m roors + 

steh rocorporation 

5o.8hun roor. + 

leavca incorpo.artd 

vhol. $r8hum incor 

F.a.h at mturitt 

fr!' Itt6 ItaT 

2.72 a2.3 dl 53.0 bc 

L.7 126.3 a ?6.3 a 

1.7 113,7 ab 71.0 ab 

0.1 

68.3 c 58,0 bc 

56.3 cd 31.7 d 

2.O 93.0 b 40,? cd 

{2,0 d 33. ? d 

l. &y rqo h.4 mr .h&inc d t.rr6 in .mhM i 

ntly a. tet p.dsbility LEt (D R TsrI 

n ! cddn dirls 3it'ilr"' 

2. D.t.@..not dly*d beM. ot hiahty vui.bl. pNEno.

:109: 

T$L 4.4.s. Eftet o! L!!is.t6d solgbu on-erl,nc c!.es 

{9.9!!!ie!S glqllqt d€nElty (ri-z) 1n the .bsence 

cotrol (No $r8hum) 

Sdthrn iEapsarion 

at P.e-tlowe.i.g 

sorthum !p.oorcd 

Sdghum root' i@orporatlon 

at marurity 

So.Shom ro6r3 + 

.tem incortoration 

So.Ah!n roots + 

1..r.! incorporatid 

vhol. $Bhum in@r 

Po.ns .t maru.tiy 

lta, 19!6 t937 

r.3 dl 113.7 ab 53.0. 

1t.0 a 133.3 a 49.3 a 

?.0 bcat 11a.3 ab a3.7 . 

tl.3 ab 90.0 b 52.1 a 

6.3 cd 23i0 c 20.3 b 

10.l .bc 39-0 c 29-? b 

11., ab 21.0 . 26.7 b 

r. l::,:."-.- Tj"I l'1 srins ..r.tr.rjn @mno in . @rwn dirr.r signirrcsly 

.r ,h prob.biity t.vet (DMR Tst),

In 1986 afi 19s/ . 19€5, 

C@parlig de!a11 populatlon of Seneb.lera durlDg ufee 

yesrs ol expertnentation, 1t a!peE.6 that polulatlon durlng 

1945 ua5 generally lo, ( 4 ro 14 pfarts o-2) tn a1t rhe 

rfeat4ents, vh11e 1t lndeased slsnitlcantly r^ 1|9E5 (2j tolrJ 

Drdrs o -) ard d*reEsRl coBrderably(25 Lo 5, plEnts D_2) 

durirs 1947 (Tabre 4.4.5) . 

4.4. r.6. LgE::aters (-S!e!e!4!! e&!E) 

A perusar of the dats (rable 4.4.6) shov rhat 

populatloD of l. el@ ras slenlflcdirry r€duced eltb sorghh 

roots + stee and vhore so.ghuD hcorporalroh ar Datu!.lty, vldte 

incolporatlon ot sorghu! at lre-rtore.tng am Eo.arrle up.ootirg 

at naturlty prohoted g. albu deElty durbg 19S5. Hovder, the 

effects duiDg 1 j ern 11ts7 ye.e gene.auy not crear, anyhor, 

except sorghm roots + leaves o. ehote sdghurD h 19a5 aid 

s@ghun roots tncorDoretion at latsity had a pr@ottve errect. 

overall poputatr@ oJ s. -e@ ln 19s5 ras lov (2 to 6) 

{hlch consldelably lncreased (12 to 50) duf€ 19s6 1n nost of 

the t eatmnts 4cept sorehuo roots I sten arxt *ho1e sorahrn. 

vhlle ln 1947, Its populatlon vas reduced (2 to 9).

T6r. a.'1.1. lft..t ot lri,glteil .orghw 

(ch€nopodlh arbul d.nslty 

of ,h&t. 

C6rd (No ershum) 

Sdthlm incftpdarto 

!r Pr.-trou.rin! 

5orthun uproot.d 

5drh6 rc;n in6rporaron 

ar matlrity 

So rthu m roor3 | 

.t.m r..o.Po..tior 

Sor!hum .ootr a 

l.ar.! incorPorarlon 

Whole e.6huh itrcoF 

paarm ar tuturity 

/t-ly !{o m.u 6 3lEh! . Lrter 

@.lly ar tt probabilirv h;.t |DMR 

(r-2t in the absenc. 

t98t t9a6 t9a7 

2.3 bl 

35.3 b 

12.I cil 

9,0 . 

2.1 d 

ln . colunn di'|d 3knitn

4.4. 1.7. Pioperol (Alg8slllg arveEIs) 

The deGlty or.A. _egC4EfE 1n 1985 yas err.rdery 1oh 

shovlng onty 1 o! 2 plants, vblLe in 19€6 and 1947, 1tB lopuIa- 

tion raigdd tuoa 2-12 Ir.'2 

(Iab1. 4.4.7t. Ihe efectE of 

vallous sdghu t eatlents o! Ansgallls deBity rere not 

coBlst€nt durilA 19€5 ard 1967. Haever, the alovth of 

!. arensis In sorAhun.ootB + steo and vhol€ s@Ah@ !6.0ahed 

rupFessed (vlsDal obs6Rattd!). 

4.4.1.4. canary srass (phalaris ,q!!gl) 

Phalafls d,tu rs not rotic€d in 19A5 \rhereas tt 

eppearori t! 1985 (labte rr,+.e). rncorporatron of sorahu.oots a 

leavos, Eolehun uproot.d at @turlty, sdghuu Ilcdporatlon et 

ple-florering ard sorghuh roots rt DatEity proDoted the deDslty 

of Phqta!.i6 11!u dDlrg 198G- phalalis poputation t ottrd 

tleatoents Euch as Borghun roots I steo arxt uhole sorAhun at 

@turlty eas sane as that ot cont.ol. rn 19aZ phatarj.s denslty 

also raalned hieher th@ cont.ol in bost treatEnts eacept 

s@ghu at Dre-flose1ng atrt Hhole solehuo at oaturlty. llost oi the 

treatnenb exhibited soDe sort of, stlmulatoly eftect vhlle vhote 

s@ahue 3h@ed Do eftect @ th€ deEtty of pbetalts rbd but its 

glovth ra5, hoea.r, supp.essed rith rihote srghun lncorpcatlon 

al. naturlly durlng 1985 and 1947. 

4.4.1.9. YeUoy sreet clde} (l{e1i1otu6 oarvifloa) 

Populstlon of MetrlotE teglElgC rs the towest 1n 19a5 

ard lDcreased coEldersbly durrrta the subsequent yess l e. 19S6

Tahb '1.4.7. Eflect of lrltgatad solghun on ptrpellel 

t^n.qarri. +:€!!r!:! lenstty {!-2r in the 

abaence of {h..t. 

Cord (No $r8tum) 

sd8tuh i@rporaiiq 

ar pr.-tlowerlng 

sorEhum uproor.d 

Sqghw rooB ircorpo- 

.aro. at mat!.iiy 

5o.th!6 roors + 

.r.n incorporation 

5orthum root5 r 

l.av.6 incorporarion 

vhol. er8huh i@rto..to 

.t turdtr 

ttaS t9!6 t98Z 

0.f 

0.1 

10. ! abr 3.0 bc 

5.3 c 4,0 bc 

r. ^"y rwo_h.q d rlvinS a |drd h cmmo h . cotwn d,ttq .Lrltrc.niry 

.t 5* Fo6!6ility Lrcl (DMR Tsrt. 

2, Dataw.r.noi .natyt€d b.c&e. oI highly v{labt. p.pul.rror\,onty the ne.n6

Cdrd (No ry8huo) 

Sorghum jm6rpdatiq 

Sorghun, 'rp.oor.d 

s.r8hun root. inc.!p6 

tro ! naru.lty 

Sorah!h .oor. r 

.t.h rlForpor.rion 

5o rah!m .oot. + 

l..r.s In.o.por.rro 

rhob sStun ttupo6lon 

3r matfity 

2. 

!!!ig.t tt €o.ghu! on 

nimr) d€n.lty (._21 

ltaS t.ra7 

_2 

^ny rh ns[ mr dErim . t rer h .on|rh 

nl|y !i ,% Fob.bitity t.El (DMR Te{). 

Th. {eed did .ot exis! in 1985. 

18.I c 

19.3 b 39.0 a 

24.7 b 

In r .olum diff6 .i!rifi..-

Cd d (No sth{tr 

s*thun ircapdalim 

at p..-llor..ing 

So.8h!m uprootc

.116t 

ard 1947 1n all the sdghuo lnco.poratlon tfeatnents. In 

contrast, the coitrol tleathent shoed aD tnco6.lstalt lncrease 

In the derlity of thls vee

Tabt 4,{,10. Ellect ol irltg.ted .orghu. on total ueeil f!€€h 

bto@* (g o_'lln th€ abs.nce of sh€.t, 

conrol (No iorghum) 

sdthlh jncoryohtion 

ar tre-f towerinS 

sorth!n uproor.d 

Sorghuo r@r5 incorDoratlon 

.r m.tu.tty 

sorAhum .oor! + 

st.n inco.po.arton 

so.Ehun .oot3 + 

le.v.r imorpo.lrio 

Whol. *ghuh inco. 

pd.r|on ar haturky 

' L1]Sffifr"ffi'",H 

t936 t9a7 

2150.3 ar 4a1.2. 

2216,1 a 689.5 a 

332.1 cd a3l-3 d 

484.0 d 

601.7 b 

232-t E 

ll4l.I bc 1a6.7 . 

559.0 d 

unndirtcrli8ni{i..-

. 114 : 

4. 4. r. 1 1, !-9jC!_t3sg_-gt:..J9184 

Total veed dly reight decreased slenificantty vlth 

all the sdghm t.eatnents as c@pa.ed to no so.shm (control) 

h 19a5 (Table 4.4.11). In 1967, 6o!8hm rootE and sdgh@ 

lnco.poratlon at pre-il@erlnA shoved Areater veed dry natter 

accutulatlon as compared to control, lossibly because of 

excessive gld/th or U.!gry!!&!C. the dry {e1sht of au oth€r 

veeds eacept that of!. lellllfglg vas reduced {ith au the 

6o.ghm tlesto€nts and a sjnilar berd vas obsefled dulibg 

'946. 

Dry veisht of Melilotus tncreased signMcantly vith 

sorshun treatnents a6 conpared to no soryhun (control). slelifl- 

cant differences vele also noted aoong othei treatnents. 

Incorporatlon ot sorghum rootE + sten at natulty 

appeared to be the host eflectlve treatnent {hlch resulted 1! 

nllinu total ueed diy iatter accunulation fol,lwed by lncorporatlon 

of vhole 6orghuE in 1986 alrd 1947. 

4.4.4. Dlscussion 

lhe diflerential elfects ol varlous tleatnents ot 

lr.iAated sorghun on reed deBtty ard Arorth shore.l th6 

lrevettance of phe4dleron of al1€tolathy unde. field conditioE. 

Thts conllrned the volk of BhMik ard Dolt (19e2) and 

Puryis €t a1, (1945) uho obseNed selectlve allelopathlc 

elfects ot crop resldles urder fleld contlttons. DeGlty of 

all the veeds except g. lglljlllglg ya6 5ulpressed vith

119 . 

T.bL 4.4.11. Effect of llriqal€it 

drY {€iEht (9 n_z) 

cdrd (No sghun) 

Sr6hn indp..ation 

ar Pr.-f lowerinE. 

5o.Bh!m uproot.d 

Sdthdm rd$ inqpe 

rarlon ar naturxy 

SorShum root! + 

rr.m rncorporarron 

Sor8hum root3 ' 

leav.! incorporation 

Whol. sdghw incs- 

Pohtid .l natuiit 

t9t6 

290.3 b 

(13.1) 

(-) 

159'5) (1e.?) 

solohun otr total reed 

tn Lh-6 absencs of uheat. 

(11.21 

(3?.9) { r 3.6) 

11.9 E 35.2 t 

t€6.5) (54.5 ) 

(45.9 ) (:]0.3) 

t53.5) t ir.7t 

t-l 

peq!!lg!!' orh.B 

t705.3) 

t556.7) 

t965.3t 

24.2 e 

(209.3 ) 

30.3 d 

(304.0 ) 

115.1 

10.9 

141.21 

| 55.11 

45.3 b 

126.51 

f71.6) 

55.8 d 

{ 51.9) 

l- Ary lwo reaG rcr ihlrinS a terlr jn .ommm in a.olumn dill.r itnifjca 

ntlr ai ,96 pDbabirhy r€v.i (DMR f6i). 

F1gules gj,ven In palenthesid 6hoe 

lncleasi lD e..d dry w€iqht ovet 

contltbutlon of |,. r.afvj.flora !o 

accurul.tton curtng 193 7. 

Pelc€nt dec!€aEe ot 

total eeed itly @t!e!.

t12O. 

lncorporatlon of so.gbun roots + steo @ uhole so.ghun at 

@tutlty (Tab1e 4.4.1). othe! tresbnents such as lncorpoiatlon 

of sorah@ at F+tloeliig, uprootlng the lature sorghu, 

lncorporatlon of sorthum root3 at latultijy and ieorpolatlon 

of sorgh@ roots + leaves at oat8lty, eith.r lnci?aBed or 

decreased th6 deEity. But eed f.esh ard dry matte! accuulatlctl 

yas coDsiddably redlced eith the lrcorp@a11on ol lrigaied 

solshum in all t]"es of ree& except tn!. .pqgll!4-a (labre8 

4.4.10 atd 4.4.11). 

sdghum incollrailon pr@ot€d !g!!lgq_s rery.1!19!.c 

deElty {htch shov€d a 1trear lncEa6e iith tlue. A fe* plsnta 

(0., to 5) or this r6ed rere tourd durira 1945, rhlle its 

deElty sl€nlt1csltl.y lncregsed dqlrlg 1# (25 to 92) ald !r, 

eas a ddinant {eed du.ilg 196'7 (Plaie 5.5). Its deElty, tresh 

and dry ve1ght6, rele siAnlflcantly hlgh 1n all sdthun treated 

plots as cor@s.ed to no sorghui (control) alurlns 19€r| (Iab1e 

4.4.9).1bi6 lndlcate8 that stlnulatlon of gerbietlon and 

g.oxth of tl. tel4lElg ,ith contlNo@ incorporatlon ard 

cultlvation of Borghu on ihe s@e land vas due to the stlrulatory 

eltect of aorghd aUel@h6Dtc5 m sreet clover. the de61iy, 

fresh ard alry yeiAht8 ol th$ eeed lnEked the effects of Eolghr 

treai@rts on total yeed den61ty, total flesh and dry ueights. 

Excludtr€ the dry ,eltht ot ttelllots the dry velght ot aU 

dthe! ,eed5 vrae s1an1t1cani1y reducod 1n all the 6o!th@ 

treat@nts as c@pared to control. Sloltar trerd ra5 noieil 

ilultrg 1985, Although total veed deElty In plots where sorghw 

hsil be€n uplooted 6t lataity, rai 61aniJlcstrtly hlgher than

t 121 t 

coDtrol daing l atn 19e7, yet tbe fresh ard dry uerahts ,e.e 

Eisnlflcaltly less than contlo1 (no sorghw). lt appears that 

the Aermtnation of veeds such as Polvsmum lelle.dli, RL)IB 

denLeLus lrd seneolera didyna vas enhahced vhlch les -Led In 

lnceased density. But their Srovth ledained checked irdlcatinA 

evldence of blochemlcal regulgtory role ol sorghun. 

'lhe den6ity of C\.oer$ lotuhdus iemqined slghltlcantly 

lcry h au the sorah@ treatDents a5 c@lared ro contror (no 

sorghum), The reductlon vas about 40 - aO percebt ln experlnents 

conducted under tleld conditioG. Thls suagests that sorahuD 

{as qulte effective In su!!.essing the deBlty and gro{th of 

gj|pel!€ roturdus, a noxiou6 {eed. The eftects ol so.ehu on 

Chenonodlud €1bw ,ere quite llonounced. Crouth and denslty ot 

q. -C&!E,as c.Bide.ably reduced durlnA 1986 and 19aZ snd 

the eltect on grdth vas notlceeble. The plants of C. alb@ 

{ith lnco.pofatioD of vhole 6orshm and sorghuo root6 + st@ 

vere only 5 to 7 cn tstl vh1le in cont.ol ard sorghu at 

lle-floreri.g the helght yas sb@t t0 cD (plates 4.9 dd 5.1). 

fhe population or g. -Cl@ res sianlflcantly hlgher tha. 

contlol 1n treatnent6 vhere sorghm v6s hcorporated at prefto{ertng 

stage and uprooted at lat@ltyr The stjnulation of 

c. atbuf, denslty vas probabty due to lder amountE of 

allelochoics added to the soil froD these treathents.

t0/tlqnt 

122 | 

or so!ghum incorporared 

A, no so.ghur tcontroll at pt€-fro{rlng on 0eed5 

: a, aorqhutr inco.ported

he dereity ot @S.elllg jl1gClg and &lcCE qugr ,!s 

sltghtly lrcreaseit uder scShun treatnents vhtle tbet. grovth 

vas stloDaly sullrea3€d ln plota yhere {hole sdghun o. srehu 

roots + sten uele tncorlorated at mlurlty (P1ste 5.1). The 

ftbdines ol thls Btuily lrxllcat. taat the quabtlty, type of 

plant parts ard Etag€ ol lrrl€ated Bdghud lrcolpolation into 

the 5011 aas crltlcaL fsctor ln.tlnuLatlrA d supF6s6lng 

the delslty ard a.ovth o! v.ed€. Ihls Btualy cohthoed trll 

fln(llnss of PutnaE ad DeFrank (1t9); Purvls g:t 31. (1985) 

vho lepeted selectlve atlNlatlon or lnhibltion of reeds by 

crop lesidues urder fleld cordltlons. 

.l

t 124 | 

4. t' !ges!-e!-.t4s$l-99r@sthe 

P.eserce of thest 

4.5.1. Irtrdtuctlo4 

the grwth |ehsvlou! of l,|eeds In E crop i3 ge@rally 

diffelent thsn vlthout a c!oP. the cro! could have au€lopathic 

Eubstarces ehldh Elaht Buppre€s d 8ilnulate the glwth ot 

vreeiis 8loulls ,! the c.oP (st€ltsI.k g! 31. ' 1982) ' 

It i5 

c(mon obseflatlon thet lu11 clop cdet snotlere tlE \reeds, 

{lrerea3 poor croP stsrd lavo88 thelr 8ro{th. 

Plrytotdiclty of 6dghun and its suppresslve efiectu on 

vheat seedur€s eere recognl2€al a! €ar1v 6s 1924 (*eazeaae 

Leter on, sel€ctive supF€€slon c'r promtio! of 

eeeds vlth E@Alnr! restdu€! .rd therr lupFeaslve effects m 

"194r ' 

eheat bio@ss ree susa.st.d (Pulvls g! 3!. ' 19a5). trq4e'' It *qs 

'FoDosed that seghu resldues c@1d b6 us.d to suppress reds 

adth 1e€sl, bblt! to ihe crop{AnonvDous'198t).(eepins 1n vi6' this 

corrt.@elsy, a fleld 6tudy ra! tnltlated to evaluat€ ttE 

sllelopeihlc effects ol ,rrlgatetl scsghuD on vheat ard lts teeds. 

4.5.2. Epcr@r!.e1-@lg 

Thls 6tu

.12r. 

nornaf illigatlo6 except in 1947, vhen the crop iaced sevele 

vate. st.e5s atte! fhst trigatlo. du1.g January ad Fetrusy. 

weeds rele counte

. 126 

.ecorded troo each plot ard then conerted on hecta.e ba6ls 

EepErately lor tbree y6a!6 ot the study, hor4er, ge.Elnatlon 

ard plant helsht *ere recoriled onty dslr:a 1945 ard 1947. 

Ireed flora 1n vheat conslsted or lgLgglr_s rs44!l!9l_a 

LjEgIgE I9!SIIE,.@ dentarus, PolvroM bellardii, ClleUgC 

drdv@,-lg@9!g:fg a16@ ard AlsCsfllg .sryglCj!. Phalst6 ,aB 

not obseryed durlng 1985, but aplealed 1n 1945. A lev p1ant6 of 

coivoluulus 3llgtE]E and !gg&! gsgllg! rere also not1c6d, 

Resut* pertalnllrg to the effect ot brlgated sorghld 

on {eeds ard vheal urxie fleId cdrdltlors are Fesented belov. 

4,5. r.1. !9!q reeil deEiiv 

A peltlsal of trP dats (labre 4.5.1) shoy rhat total 

ueed lolulEtlon yEe skn1f1c6nt1y aff€cted vlth llllgated 

sorghu tle6trents, Totat ,e€at populatlon uas eltheJ !,rooot€at e 

Euppress€d and the dlfferences atrong va.lous tleatoentE, 

horder, vere not const6tant 1n s11 th5 years. Anyh@, hlgher 

ee€d populatlon ras obaery€d {tih ircrporatl,on of sorghu roots 

at natulty durlnA 19€5 anl 1967, yhI1€ the loe€st a€ed deNlty 

uas notised vlth incorporatlon otsa.ahu roots + ste! and no 

sorghuo (cont.ol) 1n both the yeds. The populatlon of {eds 

vat also lovr uhere ,ho1e sorghuD {a3 lnc@po!.ted at naturlty 

durlr'g 1985 and 1985. The poPulation dulig 1945 ras ge.erauy 

loe ln the range ol 14 to t7 plants n-' uh11e lt incleased 

coElderably ln al1 the treatneDts ard lai'aed letreen 156 to 271 

ard 1a1 to 44t plsnts o_'durlns 1946 and 199/, respectlvely.

Tibl. {.s.1. Ett.cs ol d!!tE.t€a Bolshur on loral {eed 

popura4on (m-2, in the 9!e6enc6 oa eh€t. 

Cdtrcl (No $rghM) 

5..9h!h iMto.a.id 

.r Pr.-llo*.rin8 

so.8hom uproor.d 

SdthrD f@r3 i@por.ton 

at naturity 

Sorth!m .oot3 + 

.r.n incorPorarlon 

SorSh!m .oor3 + 

1..r.3 in.orPo.atl6 

Vholc $lthuh in@F 

F 

'o 

at tuiurity 

Itl, 1986 tr87 

2a.? abl 1s5.0 c 131.? f 

1?.3 bc 27r,1 a 302.3 cd 

15.! c 265.5 . 299,3 d 

15.? c 271,t a 4{3.0 a 

17.3 bc 162.8 c 197.0 I 

31.7 a 231.0 b 22L.7 e 

1!.3 c 165.5 c 345.0 b 

l. Aiy.t{o rua @r.!h&ht i.t nd In chnq in . .olumn dirrd ,i!.irF 

enl|y r5 Fo6.5dhy hEt (oMR tgt].

4. t.1.2. purlle ;tsedee (qf!I!! rotundus) 

lhe dens-ity .f gjCSIrg :gjrSl!! vas affected 

slAnlltcently by various sorghuo treatqents (Table 4.5.2). A ter 

pla.ts (2-4) vere p.esent in certain treatments utile none 

uas noted in other treatnerts dulne 1945, The elfects ot varlous 

treatnent,s ,ere ,ot consistant in 1946 ard 19a7, h@aer, 

cvpe.$ lg!3El!! denslty uas slsntlica.tly love! than cont.ol 

lith the incorloratioD of sorehun roots + steh and ulrootiig of 

sorghun at natlrity during both the t€a!s. Atthoueh leed nunber 

th ce.tain treatnents du.ing 19a5 ras stattsrlcauy equal ,lth 

control and higher 1n sorghun roots treatment duling 19a2, yet 

the grovth ot Cr?erus renained sup!.essed in rhese trearnents 

(visual obseryation). 

4.5.1,J, t

t 129 1 

?asL a,5l - Eft€ct of irilglt.d &rghur on^pulpl€ Ntsedg€ 

r9-IrgI!!. rgl-!!.g!e) densj.ly lr-'' in the presenc€ 

oI vhe.t. 

coit.ol (No *shudt 

Sorghum lrcorporation 

ar P..-f lowerlng 

SorEhqn up.oor.d 

Sathun rcot5 in@por.tlon 

.r narurtty 

sorghum roor3 + 

stem Incorporarton 

sorgh!n .oor. + 

le.r.r lnco.por.aio 

wno|G s6tum i@rpo.rticr 

.t mnliry 

l9a5 t936 t9a7 

t.t2 2a.o abl 5r.o b 

21.0 b 16.7 . 

2.O 11. a c 24.3 41 

24.2 b 65.0 a 

2t.3 b 39-? c 

32.5 a 2a.3 d 

r. l]ll *_T-.: |]ol ngina. lcfls in ffiIB t a @tumn .IrrF risrjlL!_ 

.ny .t ,re. Drob.Dlhy teEt (DMR T6tt, 

z D.iaw9zgi analy4d b€cs. ot highry v.ri.bl. poputation,, only rhe rean3

'1trt 

T.bL 4.5;1. Etfect of iqi,gat€il solghu oo koot reed 

l!g:I.sg!c! !g!!grqi!I deBtty tn-2r rn th6 

ples€trcg ot rhea!. 

Corrol No sryh{nJ 

Sor8nuh inorpor.tion 

ar Pf .-l low.r l.8 


sqShlm roots lncorPe 

rr!lon .r maturity 

Sorghutn roots + 

3t.m hco.porrtion 

Scrah! n ..o t. + 

1..v.! Inorpor.do 

lhole sghun iic6- 

Pdarm .t miuitt 

t. 

2, 

rta' l98a l, 

5. O2 2?.0 d 

117.9. 56.? a 

75.3 c 

34.0 d 

1'll y"-yIq p.:..ry.c 9-r.rrd h.@mh6 in . corum. d, q rratoremry 

.r h D.oD.Ditity r.Et (DlitR T6tL 

D.r.r@nor.mlysd b.@u. ot hithty vriabt. popllarlon, onry rh€ man6

. 111 . 

{hiler vlth vhole sorgh@ at oaturity, Polygonun poputation 

{6s eq!a1 to control tn 1946 but hlgher r! 1967, Houever, its 

grdth in these treatnents remained sulpressed. 

4.5.1.4. Dock {8umex 4!41atu!) 

lrriesled sorghm shoreo oto-rFgulalory effec! (Tabte 

4.5.4) on 3g9I de.tats deEity. In 1985 a fev (1 to 5) plants 

{ere present, {hile its lolulation coElderably incleded ln 

(26 to 51) ln 1985 and then decleased (, ro 22, durins 1947 tn 

all th€ treatoents. Solghun roots ard soreirM uprootinA iesulted 

in hisher R.3SIL4I!j deEtty 1n 1946 and 1947 reslectively, 

,hile the denslty in other t.eatnents lemained statisticaUy on 

9a. vltb cont.ol duing both the years. In 1947, hqae!, 

naxlmm 8ulpression of Runex density ,as noted 1n sorghuq roots + 

4.5.l.t. svlne ..e.s (€slcgse !-!b4-a) 

senebiela 3!l!Ig denslty rss low (2 to 15) in 19e5, 

i.creased (21 to 51) du.i.s 19a5 and decreased (t to Z) dui,rs 

1967 in e11 the treatnents (Tabte 4,5,') lrdlcati.g a bio- 

.eSutatory control by so.ghub culture. so.ahun roots + leaves 

shwed p.onotive eitects on the deEjty of Senehiera, vhlle 

other tleatnents dtd not have BiSnificant eftect durtDg 198t. 

Althowh popul.tlon vas rriAher in 1936 than 19a5 yet trcorpo.atlon 

of lhote solghun at maturity ard sorghun loots + stem supp.essed 

tts polulation. I! 1947 the effect of sorghm tleatnents on 

S.dt

4.5.4. Effect ot illlgateit 

cmrd (No sorshum) 

So.Shum ltupa.tim 

.r pre-lloeerlnS 

5or!hum rproot.d 

Sdttum 160$ inco.pG 

rttDn !t m.turlry 

So.enum root. + 

sr.h r..o.Po6tioo 

SorghuD roor. + 

Eev6 inco.por.rtd 

vhol. F.lhum i||fu- 

Pd.xo .r m.ru.lty 

2. 

aG 

T.Dl. 4,5.5, Ellect or irrlslt.d solghu. on sei,n€ c!€ss 

lEgg4gg g!g.Y!C) d€DEIly tn-21 in the pres€nc. 

of th.a!- 

C6tul (ilo sghm) 

Sorghun iftorpq.tio 

5orth!o uprooi.d 

S.r6hun @r! iico.Do- 

.lrion .t m.rurity 

So rth!m rootr + 

So.Shun rooti + 

le.v.. incorpor.tion 

vno|. d6h@ lrE- 

Po.atio ar h.tuit, 

198' 1986 r987 

6.0 bcl ao.5 .b 3.3n' 

1 .1 b 42.0 ab 5,3 

5-3 bc lr.8 bc 7.7 

15.3 a 30-2 bc 6.7 

t. Ant t*g^nEN.al dEiis . t n r in..mtM in a @tum diltq ianitieniry 

at t5 preb.bixrr hEt (DMR f6i). 

m :.m slEnillc.nr.

.1/+t 

lhe rreatnents ,d cocide.ably love. than oosened ,n 19€6 

(rabre 4.5.5), 

4.5.1.6. Lmbsqudters 

cLp! ) 

Ih eene.al C, albun lopulatlon uas 1ov 1! all the 

t.eatDe.ts durirg r,ee yerrs or expeiirent (TaUe 4.r,6), 

hovever, 6tetlsttcaUy higher veed numbe. vas round th so!,gh4 

anco.lorated at pre-f1@erlng fotlor€

Tablc 1.5.6. Eff€.1 oI j,fflgat€d sorghur on I.anb.quarrers 

lchenopodLuh albunl density tn-,1 in rhe p14s.n.e 

cotrol (No $Bhun) 

Sd8hum ircdpor.rion 

at Dre-llow.rins 

sorShum !proo red 

saghum @rB inorpo- 

Sorthuo rooti r 

sten incorpo.:rion 

Sorgh!m roots + 

leave! jncorporarid 

vhol. s.8hum incc- 

Pdana ar m.tu.ity 

t93t t986 

1.0 10.2 a L-0 

t.1 

2.3 

r. 1,'lI ly"."I::T pl'ryin8 a rerr* in cmh@ n a

tIfr. 

Tade 4.5.r. Erfecr of t.ligar€d .otqhuo on ptnpelnel 

{rn.o.Ilis a!venB!6) denslty (n-z) 1n th€ 

pres.nc€ ol rhe.t. 

cdrd {No $r8tuo) 

sdShum ltrrp.r.tion 

at P.c-floe.rint 

sorEhun uproor.d 

Sa8hum @$ lnco.poratbn 

rt marurity 

So!gh!h root. + 

5i€h lncorporarton 

sorlh{m roots i 

l.avcr In@rpo.arl6 

whol. $raMm ircoF 

pdarm .t mt'it 

l9a5 t986 lgtl 

r,.02 9.8.1 

1.0 

0.3 

5.2 b 3.0 

1.0 d 3,0 

l. Any t{o_me6 D! 3h&ing r tcrrs in cmm6 tn . cotumn diffr tig i(ionl|y 

.t ,e5 Fob.hitity t ret OA|R t€t). 

?. Dat.Fr.tut a.aly..d b@& or NaNy vaiabt FDd.timr only rhe @anB

tPhal.rls 

cmtrol {No $iShum) 

Sor8tun iFrporatio 

at. prc-tlowertng 

5o.!hun !proor.d 

soEhlm roo$ imo+e 

.arDn .t hatuiiy 

Sorghuh roots + 

.tem Incorpor.rion 

5or8huD ro6t5 + 

r.rvc. hco.po.arts 

lYhol. $.Ehuh inclr- 

Paarro .i mirity 

tlnt 

' *il s"dTn r.iJtff i"ftTjl).*'- 

'' 3i!:ff::'*o"o 

3. rhe reed .lid rcr .iisr Ir r93s. 

ir!i9.t6tt 6o!9hoo on camry qlass 

!+!9!) dansity In_2t ir ttre presence 

198' t98a ItaT 

2.72 

11.7 a 

in r crtnn dttrq .igniaic.- 

*awe or hishtv varrabr! poPurauol ohly rhe nc.ss

4.5.r.9, Yellou sveet clover (Melilotus reryi-LLsr-a) 

the denslty of llgtilglg lslXlllgXs incftased 

sisniticantly (lanle 4.5.91 fron fev plants (o.l to t) in 

]985 to numerous llants (72,1 io 118,7 n-2) du.ha 1947 

lndlcattng that sorghuh cultlvatlon pronoted the gemination 

and Arowth of thts reed. The veed nunber ras alnost equal in 

all the ptots duline 1945, vheieas it uas ouch hlgh yhere 

sorghu; roots rere incorpor6ted at @tuity during 1986 ald 

1947 folloved by plots {here soighun uas incorlorated 6t pre- 

ftovelIn8 staee. The veed nuhbe! in other tleatnents such as 

sorghun ulrooting, sorghum.oots + leaves, and lhole solehm 

sas htgh but stati6tically on lar sltb cont.ol and sdghu 

roots + steo t.eatnent durlng 1946; ,hite the declty airr 

gr@th of Melilotus par.vi{16a in atl the sorghuh t.eated ptots 

,a5 conslderably higher than controt ddibg 1987 (p1ate 4.10). 

4.5.1.10. Total weed ftesh btohass 

Cuttlvation ahd lnco.poratlon of lrrlgated Eolghun 

shoved Blenillcant elfect on totat veed tresh velght (Table 

4,5,10). In 1936, oaxii@ reed tresh bionass ras fourrt vlth 

lncdpo.5t1@ ot sorAhun roots at oatucity ard fqest fresh 

le1ght vas reco.ded vlth sorghue roots + sten. F.esh biona6s 

1n otber solghuo treatnents renalned on lar u1lh no 6orgh@ 

the pattern of totql veed tresh leight chanAed 1n 19a7. 

Thls year exin@ veed fresh {elght {as fourd {Ith incorporatlon 

ot sorghun ai pre-f1@ering followed by rhole sorghw iDcoryoratton 

at natu.lty and the l@est {eed tresh *e]Aht vas recorded

.119. 

T.bL 4.s.9. Effec! ol llrlsBt€il .olgbun on terl@ 6reet clovet 

t!el!&59 rgglt!.glE) d.nstty l!-2t t^ th€ P!..€nc€ 

of eh€tt. 

Cdt.ol {No sghun) 

Sorghum inco.porarid 

5orEhun uprooted 

sdthh dts imrpc 

r.tio. 3t nat!.iiy 

So rth!n roots r 

rtem ancorPoration 

Sorghum ro6rs + 

l.av.5 incorporarion 

vhol. $r8hum imo- 

Pdltio ar mtu.ity 

t985 1936 t9a7 

5.02 18.1 cdl 12.7 a 

3.0 44. ? b 249.3 b 

3.0 29.2 c 167.1 c 

5.0 5?.5 a 113.7. 

0.3 16.5 d ror.0 d 

2a.2 c 104,7 d 

25.7 .d 2t6,3 b 

l. Ant lvo me$ mr .h..liA . l.itd i. .ftnm in a @lmn ditfd slgnltk.nrlr 

ar ,e robahirhy Lci (DUR T6r). 

2. DlrargeFt r.ly..d b.o@ o! htENr vri.bl. poplr.tiqt ontr E !..n.

,? 

!;r 

iE 

3t 

;i 

P? 

8,P 

!i 

93 

" u" 

:g 

".b 

3.1 ; 

,;,8

| 141 . 

tabL l.5.10. E lect ot lrrlgated sorghun on total reed fresh 

bioEss lq r -) h the presenc€ or uheaL. 

cdr.ol {No $rghun) 

sdthtrh iEdF6tim 

5o.8hum uproot€d 

5o.8hm @t5 imrpo- 

.at.on .r frnru. t 

sorghun root5 r 

sr.n incorPoraiion 

SorShuh .oors + 

le.v.3 inco.aoratid 

vhol. dtbuh ircd- 

Paatto .r Btditt 

t986 l18t 

155.0 b 

132.0 b 

r54.5 b 

39,t.2 b 

118.2 b 50r-? a 

I. Any two mce nor 3hslna a t.sr in comm6 i. a cotum^ drfter si8nirjcanily 

ar ,9b Drobability hy.t (DtR t..i).

in contlot (no sorghu,t. d18her 

sorShuh treatoerrts as cotrpared 

grqrth rl sveet clde., {hl1e 

supplessed {hich is c1ea. from 

(rable 4.5.1 1) . 

veed fresh leIljht th all the 

to cont.ol was due tc erfianced 

the ga@th of oth.r {eeJs vas 

the data on leed d.y ueight 

4. 5. l. 11. !.9[-a]_!ssq_grr_r91slt 

Ilcorloratio! of vhole sorghm at naturity and so.ghm 

.oois + steh signlttcaDtly .educed toial veed d!/ Ette. 

accun\ latlon vh€reas rith sorghu roots vceC dry natts- 

accumulatlon in 1946 vas maxlnun lrobably due to enhanced 

erovth o{ Melllotus (fa!l.e 4.5.11). the effects of othe. 

sorghun treatnelts {ere hon-significant dult|)g 1986. Horder, 

in 1947 total eeed dry sel8ht {ss coEiderably highe. ia dU 

t}le so.Ahun treatnenls except sdgtru loots + leaves than 

cont.ol (no sor6hh). This changed pattern durlr€ 19a? vas 

na1n1y due to stirulated growth ofx, pawlflora vlth sorghw 

(Tab1e 4.5.11). tyhen dry retsht or!. tgllLllgxs {as 

subtrdcted @t ol totdl veed dry ,elght, all the soiah@ 

t.eatuents oacept so.ghu tnco.poratlon et ple-flo,e.ing 

shorel coElde.able re

Cd.rel (No 3dshum) 

sdthun lrcorPdataon 

6r pr.-llow.rin8. 

Sorthum !prooted 

Sorghuh r@t3 i.wpc 

.arlon .t naturity 

Sor6hum roots + 

sr.n rn.ortorarron 

sorth!m root5 + 

te.ve3 Incorporalion 

q/holc *th0m ircdpo..t|s 

.t narrf, 

t14tl 

illigated 5o!9hs on 

n -l !n !h€ P!€sence 

t936 

{ -}2 

I25.9) 

112-61 

32.8 a 

{2r5.4) 

(59,3t 

(20.11 

I-) 

( 1,t0.2l 

129.2\ 

l7a-11 

t,15.0) 

45.s el 

ts.9) 

(60.3 t 119.21 

t9a7 

M. arvifl*. Olhert 

(-, 

( 3r?.71 

( 106,6 ) 

t236.al 

1129.3 t 

30.3 d 

t6 6.9 ) 

(4.5l 

(30,0 ) 

t11.11 

I19.31 

( 35.9 t 

L2.l a 

Any rwo means not sharinS a l.n.r in common in a column dill.r isnilica 

ntly at ,t6 probability l.v.l (DMR T.tt). 

Flqures qiven rn Palenthe.Ie 

{eed dry deight 

cont.rbutjon ol !.. P!-E4!I9IE to total seed dlv iatter 

:ccunulation duinq 1937.

t bI. 4.5.12. Eff€ct of ilrlglted 6olghus on gslntMtion 

or rhe.t l._21. 

cst ol (No sduh) 

S.Ehun imrFEdo 

So.ahuh uproot.d 

Sdghum @t5 i@rpo- 

..rion .t n.turiry 

5o.Ehum roots + 

3ten ln.orPoration 

So.ghuh roors + 

l..v.s i.co.poratl6 

!nol. sthun ied- 

Pdatbn al mtdiry 

tt!6 lraT 

32!.0 cd 

215.? ab 

tt8,l d 1?5.0 d 

345.2 bc 

335.2 bcl:l 190,7 cd 

l. Any two h.N nor rh!.ina a tdrd in c@nm in . @tuhn drfler siE ttjc.nrly 

at te6 Drob.bllirv level (DMR Tert).

plots vhere sorghun roots + sten {ere inco.porated at @turity, 

serhlnetio! was lihlbited durlns 1945, vhered gernl@tlon 

c@nt vas less aflected hy othe. t.eatnenl-s. fhe ellect ot 

l..lgeted BorAhun treatment6 on eernlnatlob ol vheat durlng 

1947 uas dlflerent as noted pleviousty. Higber Aerni@tlon 

count vas obseryed 1n control ahd Borghun leaves + roots and 

re@Ined stattstically on pa. ulth lncdpo.stion of sorghu 

!oot. + steh. ard uprooting of sorghum at haturity. cernlnatio! 

vtth lnco.loratioD ot sorghub roots at @turlty ras the twest 

ol all othe! treatnents. Cermination vas not recont€d dulIng 

1945. 

4.5.1.1r, llant helrht (eheat) 

Plant heieht yas si€Dificantly suppressed rhere sdghu 

lere rncorlolated at n6tu!1ty durinS 1986 (1able 

4.?.13), an other treatoents the helAht of ptantB reoaired 

statlstically on pa. vlth control vhile the t.end vss different 

durlng 1987. A11 tbe sorghum treatnents signiflcantly ieduced 

ihe height ot {heat plants except lncorpo.stion ot sorghuo at 

pre-flouerhA 6tage. the helebt of !1ants 1n this treatDent vas 

equal to coDt.o1. Plant hetght sd not recdded durina 19a5, 

4.5.r,14. luober of ferttle ti1te.€ per uur d.ea 

It ls evident fron data (Tsb1e 4.5.14) that nunbe. of 

le.ttle tluers va6 statistlcaUy affected by dlfferent treatnents 

durilg trree yea.s period. Incorporatlon of sorghu 

roots + teaves, sorghln roots, uhole sorghun and Eo!,ghu 

roots + steD !6ulted 1n l@er nunber oi fe.tile t11te!s,

Coit.ol (No sghln) 

SorShuh ircorporarion 

It p..-llow.!ins 

sorEhum up!oor.d 

sdthum r6ts incorpo- 

..rron ai nrrqriry 

5o.8hum roor3 . 

3i.h incorDora on 

So.ghrm .oorr + 

r..Y.. inco.porariq 

Vhol. srghum tftoF 

Por.r|o ar haturity 

.146, 

Eft&t of i,lllgat€d solqhutr on 

(D^lR Lst). 

t186 1987 

54.I b 

50.3 b 

. colun. ditl.r 3iSnttje-

Table 4.s.14. Effec! ol lrllgated Borghun on nDnbe! ot feltlle 

tlllara {o-2). 

Ccrbl (No sghum) 

sd8tum indp.r:iion 

at p..-rlow.rina 

Sorthun uprooi.d 

sdEhom roots in.orpo- 

Sorthum roois + 

3ieft incorpor.tion 

5of thuh roo r! + 

lcav6 incorpor.tim 

Whol. brShuh Incd- 

Frno .r mruriry 

l98J lr35 ItaT 

393.?.1 32a.0 ab 31{-O b 

3?9.0 ab 313.3 ab 323.? b 

3?9.? ab 3O?.7 b 329.0 b 

31?.3 c 330.? ab 250.0 c 

!40,0 bc 262.3 c 23s.0 c 

106.3 c 319.3 a 350.? | 

325.1 c 121.0 ab 23?-l c 

L Ait r{o Ec d ,wtna a t.rd in cshm in a @tum dit!.r ,tnrI! 

14a : 

rhereas highe. number of lroductive tillers was nottced vith 

so.ghun uprooted at haturity, sorghun in.orporated at lre- 

flo{eltDs or control (no solshm) durins 19a5. Lo{est @nber 

of fertile tlUers {as re.orded {ith incolloratioh ol sorehm 

roots + steD durine 19€6 ard the nuDber of tertile titters ud 

colslderably higher in othe! tredtnents, The nunber ot fertlle 

tillers vas signjttcanily lo| dth inco&orstion oi vhote 

sorgbun, sofghun loots + sten or solghm root6 du.Ing 19a?. 

Tncorlorailon of sorghuo roots + leaves produ.ed hlgher nuhber 

of fertile ti11e!s conlaled vith cont.o1, uhile ulrooting of 

sorShun at matlrity adr inco.p@atlon ol lorsnm a! ple_ 

flovering shoved no elfect. 

4.5,J.15. [uhbe. ot Epikelets per Bplke 

The data on slikelets !e! splke (Table 4.5.15) indlcate 

that nunber ol splk€1ets vas sieniflcantty affected by ditteient 

treatn€nts du.ing 19a5 a.d 19a?, create! nunbe, ol sprkelets Nd 

found vith lncorloratlon of sorghun at !re_{1o,er1na and the 

lonest nube! ras present _!n ptots rhere ehole sorahm eas 

incorlorated at naturlty whtle tbe nunbef ot 6likelets in other 

lreat@nt6 vas statlstically on lsr with controt (no solehun) 

in 19at. fhe tunber of s!tketets dec.eased jn a]l the ptots 

inclldilg control durlng 19a6 and the ditterences aone tbe 

eatnents vele non-slgnif jca.t, Durlng 19a7 sigbiticantly 

ol splkelets {as obseryed in plots rhere sorghun 

,as Incorpoleted at lre-llee.i.g ard Nd statistically on par 

vtth contlol.Louest nunbe" o! spikelets vas reco.ded {ith 

lncorlo.atlon of {hole sorghun o. uFootlng ot sorahm at naturrty.

| 149 | 

Tabb 4.5.15. Effect of illtgateit sorghufl on nuhbe! of 

6pikel.r6 !s!.Pile, 

cotrol (No sghn) 

S(ghun inqpa.rion 

at p.e-ttoi.rins 

SorShun uprooted 

Sorghum .@t5 Incorpo- 

.arlon .r o.tu.iry 

Sorghum foot3 + 

3reh lnco.Poiatior 

5o.ghum .ooi, + 

r€v.3 incorPorrtio 

Vnol. FShth t|epohl|on 

or o.rEiiy 

l98t t98a t l 

16, t br 12.1ng 

15. t b 11.7 12.5 b 

15.3 b tl.2 t2.1 b 

15. a b ll.6 

'' i,l|::i{ffiJf,,;tff iDfiT.l1dm*'i. 6'qmdi'r*.isni.ic.ns 

:n6 ,iEnilicor

4. 5. J.'16. I!!!s!-91ill4!!!_!!r_-id!9 

There vas a coEiderable varietion in a.ain nunb€. 

under ditlerent t.eatments (Tab]e 4.5.16). c.eater nurDe. or 

gla.lN pe! 6!ike vas pre6ent ln sorehun lncorpo.ated at !r+ 

floverinA and so.ghun roots+steh at matullty.Ihe diffelences 

anong other treaxrents rere not clear en@gh excelt urde. 

lncorporatlon of vhole sorghun ,here the nuDber {as the lovest 

du.lng 1945, Ib the year 19€6, the average number ot glalE ih 

dlftereht treathents {d loxer than that of 1945 and so.Ah@ 

uprooted at mturity or sorghui roots + sten or so.ghun roots + 

leaves supplessed the nunber of s.altu pe. spike. Durthg 194? 

the glaln nunbe! turthe. decleased in noot of the treatmerts 

except thce ol control dd sorghuo incollorat€d at !rell@ering. 

The miniDu nunber of graic per spike yas noticed 

vlth soryhun uplooted o! uhole sorghun at m€turity. On an 

avelage ar61n nunbe! duinS flrst year of the trial va6 highd 

an

t1:n l 

Tab|e 4.5.15. Ettectof itrlg.ted sorEhutn on nurber of sr.j.ns 

rEr aPlte. 

cmrol (No er8h@) 

Sqah{n incorporation 

ar p..-l,owcrint 

so.Shun (proor.d 

sashum ro;t3 incdpe 

rarbn .l matlr y 

SorSh!m roors + 

stcm in.o.po.aiion 

So. ghun !oor5. 

Faver lncorPo.atio 

Yholc ddln imr- 

FatM .t mtlrlty 

r93r 1986 t98Z 

34.0 bcr 26.6 ab 26.3 .b 

3?.? a 25-9 rb 27.9 a 

t2.6 c 23.5 bc L1,6 e 

ll.6 bc 21.4 a 2r.1 cd 

36.0 ab 22.5 . 24.2 bc 

33.? bc 2a.5 .bc 20.3 de 

24.7 d 27.8 . ta.8 .f 

l. Anr..t,o ma mi .harht . tctrd in cdn6 in a 6tunn d,trd 3i&ttieflry 

t. x p.oDaDtttty lev.l (DMR Tsd.

Table 4.5.17. lft€ct or iftqared 6o!9hun on 1oo0-g!atn 

{€lEht (9t. 

cdtrel {No sEhun) 

ssahm ,rqFd.tio. 

50.snuh up.ootcd 

Sdatum .@t3 inqp.raud 

at maruriry 

Sorghum root3. 

sren incorPorarion 

Sorahoh roott + 

reaves lncorpo.arion 

9nob iorEhum inc*- 

Po..tio lr nlturliy 

ltaS l916 1987 

a2.1 bcl J9.2 bc a5.3ng 

46.9 a 11.9 a 3a.7 

10,2 c 38.1 cd t7.1 

{5,7 ab 42.a a t5.o 

43.0 bc 37,9 cd 35.0 

41.3 . 40.€ ab !6.3 

45.5.b 36,9 d 35.9 

l. Any rwo^mee! mr dE.int . r.nq in @nh6 in. column di(.r,ign,fic_ 

nly .r re5 problb[iry t rci (OMR T.dt 

E :M .iBnifi.lDt,

naturlty. Signlficantly lighter glalns rere fould 1n ptots 

vnere so.anum uas ulrooted at matu!1ty, h@ever, the graltr 

veight in this treatment (ulrootlng) vas on !a. vlth controt 

and sorghun roots + sten. S1mllai trend ras obsened during 

1985 exc€pt that heavle. g.aiE wele found uith inc@pcailon 

or 5olghum root6 and tlghter g.aic vere reco.ded vlth rhole 

sorghun incorleation at 4atlrrty. The grain ve&ht ddlig 

1987 renained statiBtlcauy uhaftected. On an average hlaher 

s.aln {etght *as reco.ded ln filst yea! of the trjal ,hich 

decreased 1n the subseque.t years. 

4.5. t, 18. Vheat str.r vietd 

In gene.al! the incolporation ot lrrlgated so!,shun tn 

conparison vlth the control (no sorShun) shored coElderable 

suplress;ve erfect on nheat stra, yleld except that ot sorghun 

at pre-flovering or sorshu loots at naturlty du.tnA 19a6 ard 

1947 o! so.Shlm roots + teaves at naturity during 19e7 (Tabte 

4.5.14). slCnlflcantry the lov€st strav yletd ,as obsened ylth 

vhole so.ghun iDcorpolation at @turity durire all the years o, 

study fouoled by sorghm roots + sten at natlrity 1n 1986 ard 

1947 ard sorahun.oots + leaves at naturlty during 19a5. 

On ah avera8e strav y1€1d ,6s fai.ty hlAh in most oi 

the treatnents in 19a5 o! 19€6, vh1le it rehshed coGtde.ably 

tow during 19aZ due to severe vater st.ess during thts,€a!. 

4.5.1.19. trhcat araln viell 

l'/heat yletd unddr cl ferelt sorghLn lrcarnenrs ?1s 

affe.ted colside:ablyduring th.ee years oi the expe.in€ntation

t154t 

TrbL a.5.18. Effect of j.!!ig!te.l aorqhun on sh€.t Et!a* 

yteld (q h.-1). 

.cotrel {No erthud 

Sdgh{m i@rp.raiion 

ar Prc-llowerinS 

So.thuh !Drooted 

satho 6t3 ii6rF- 

.atlon aa nar!.ity 

Sorth!n .oors + 

3t.m inco.to.!rion 

So.Shum roots + 

l.av.3 ln.o.poratim 

rhol. $rthlm ircetq.li6 

.i matuhy 

t9!, t986 t9a7 

50.98 al 53.60 a 22.!o a 

13.00 b s0,50 ab 21.40 a 

42.86 b 43.14 b 13.50 bc 

42.10 b 49.00 ab 20.60 ab 

11.60 b 37.90 cd 1?.?O c 

3'l.oo c 41.45 c 21.90 a 

22.50 d 3/t.70 il 10.30 d 

l. Aiy rro meaB Nt shelnt a t.ncr in cmmon in a colunn ditt* sj6niric.ntly 

ar ,q6 Drobabilirv l.i.l OMR t.rr).

t155. 

{Table 4.t.19). A conpallson of grain yietd of three years 

data revealed that it ras the hiehest ln 19A5 (tirst year of 

trlal) touoved by 19a6 ard 1942. The elfects of dltfelelt 

treatments ob the Araln yietd ol {heat vere lncorslstent. 

H@ever, these results ifttlcate that ararn yield 1n ttree 

years successive trlals ,as supprcssed aenerally 1n sorahun 

roots + Bten incolloration. A sirild tlerd uas noted in the 

t.eatmenis ,here vhole sorghum was incorlorated lnto flE so1l 

at naturlty. Tbe yleld decreased letloAlessively aDd fatr In 

yield durire 1987 uas more plonounced uhich uas 2.5 tines te6s 

than piecedina year. the de!.ession in y1e1i durlng 19A? ras 

@inly due to !!4ai1irg nolstlle siress. Sttnuletory eirects 

oh the graln yield vse also noticed due to sorghun lncorpora- 

t.1on at Ple-i1@ellng o. so.ghuo roots lrco.porated at 

iiatu.ity. Sorghlo roots slgnlticantty lncleased graln yletd ln 

19e6 and vas on lar {lth controt in 1987! 

4.5.4. Dlscussioh 

4,r.4,1, Veed den6ltv and arovth 

vre*l populatlon, {eed fresh aijd nly uelghts. 

1fi1 

Tahlc4,5.19. Eftect ot irlig.ted .olghur on oheat gr.in 

yield (q ha_rl. 

car.ol (N6 $r!hrm) 

So.ghuh incorporarion 

ar pr.,rlos.ring 

sorghuh uprooted 

Ss8huo boB in@rpora!6n 

.t m.ilrity 

5o.8hoh root! + 

st.m lnco.po.rtton 

SorEh!m roots + 

rcavca inco.poratim 

Vholc erahlm ln@.pda!ft 

at Biuity 

t. 

2- 

198' t9a6 l98t 

t-P 

36.32 a 

t3.{8) 

33.84 b 

30.35 c 

( 19.34 ) 

21.09 A 

l23.O0t 

33.38 b 

(1r.29) 

{12.191 

t5.l5l 

(11-0tl 

!2.5S. 

(11.34 | 

t9.?5) 

29.l3 b 

to.8sl 

l?-201 

13.00 r 

(12.0t1 

(6.89) 

| 5. t?l 

t2!,rrt 

t2s.00l 

{30.171 

^ny.rro mls tur 3brin8 . t.ns ,n cmnd tn a 

coniiy 

@tuhn 

ar 

dtrr.r 3ttn[,- 

,96 p.ob.bfllry t.vct OMn T6!). 

{igure g!v6n in p.rentb..k shd pelcelt 

@cEease ovei control.

obseryed in the absence of c.op trdtcatlng suppresslve effectB of 

c!o!. In senelal the weed populatlon (except cyperus) 'fresh and dly 

*eiShts ,e!e enlbnced rith lrcorpdation of i..1gated sorghu at 

p.e-lloderlng, u9lootira of sorghun, 1rcolporatton of solghuh loots 

ard sorgtu .oots + leaves at raturlty. Enlbnced ve€d g.ortb rith 

lncorpdatlon ot trrlAated sorAhuE at !!*flove.iqg uas posslbly 

dDe io 14e. slount3 of auelochedtcs fr@ th& t!€atDart rl te 

stinulEted gro{th of rleulotus resulted h hlgher dry nstter accwulation 

in other treatDente (trable 4.5.11). In treataer$s yhere 

60.ghu roo$ + stem or uhole sorghw uss incorlor ated 6r nsturlty 

th: populatlon, tresh and dry welghts of a1l othe eeeds except 

those of Mel.tlotue vere coBlder€bty irhlbitad. Selectlve effects 

of sorghm residues on reed Aeminatlon ard Aro*th urie. tletd 

cohd1t1o6 have leen shwn by pulvis €t 3_1. (1985). Stlnulatoly 

effect on veed deBlty and gro,th in scde ot the sorahrD t eehents 

and lnhlbltlon of {eed populatlon and gro{th ln othe! lorghun 

treatmnt. nay posslbly b. alu€ to va.i,aild ln quanttty ot @terl.1 

, adde.l (!'lacfarla.e €t €1., 19a2) and state of crop (sdturlty) to !e 

lncorporated (Putnd ald DeF.ank, 19?9) rLich .rs posslbly letated g 

to the release ot altelocheEics. Auetochenlcals 6ct 1lke hecnoaes, 

thelr l@er c@ebtratioB stioulate Aem1llatlon o. glo{th ard have 

inllibltory l!]ftuence at hkher ooncehtratlols (puryi5 ant Jessop, 

1945), In vheat, total eeed populsti@ 1n cont.ol (no sorshu0) v6s 

alnost equal to eorghw loot6 + sten arxt {hot€ Borghun (Tabt.€ 4,5.j) 

rhich vere trost eflective Ln Euppresslr8 the totar ue€d poputatioD 

1n the absence of vheat (Table 4.4.1). Albeit eed poputatlon ras 

coElderably 1ov rlth sorghD lncdpdatld, yet fleed tnJ€6ist1on 

ras check€d In ccnt ol because ot dece croD 3taril. Sb11ar frntingB 

vrer e !€poited by Purvls 3t 4l. (1985), Tbey concluded that 

populati.c ol s1bIs@s trl.ctM ard !eg@ apprai€ule *!e 

sigritlc.ntly loeer ln plots contatn*€ ,OO ebeat pI€nts u-2

than ln plots .ontainine 1@ vheat plants n_2, 

Coreide.ing the popul,tion of i.dividual weed species 1t 

appea.ed that the lolulatlon of 4. tg!!!l&:s rncreased 

trenendousty vlth sdshun .uttlvation. On an average , to 5 

llants rere recolded during 19a5 in expeflmental plots, lt8 

nuDber lncreased to 1A to 5? dEins 1946 and 72 to J18 durira 

1987. The 'ovesL nunber of M. osfl.i"lora 'ai te,orded jn 

control ahd the hlShest 1n so!8hum root lncorloratlou durirg 

19e6 atui 19a7. rhe lopulatlon of g. t9I4:+9I_a incleased 

a!!.oxinately 1n the saoe mamer vith sore exceliions, in the 

absence of vheat fop (Tables 4.r.2 arA 4.4.2) irdtcating the 

stlnulatory etfect of ir.iAated sorehum obg. parylfIora uhlch 

vdi conJiropd by the p€tre.n of dry @tte! ploduction oJ 

4. psdiflo.a urxter varlous treatrents (1ab1es 4.5.11 ard 

4,4,11). 

rh€ response or !. Ell4gjj, R. dentatus 6nd g. 3:q49 

to l}ri€ated sorghun 1n the presence of uheat, had certaln 

comon features, 0ve!a11 populatlon of thes€ thee reed specles 

durlna fir6t yea. re@iled tov, ilcleased in second year then 

decreased during third year trxlicating a bio-regulatory control. 

The population ol these leeds {as suplressed by incolpo.ation 

ol uhole sorshun or sorshun rootB + sten due to the release of 

atlelocheDlcs 1n relatively higher quantltles uhe.eas their 

populstion vas enhdced vlth uploothe of irrigated sorghu 

probably due to 14or amountE ot a11e1oohenlce. Th. €tf€cts ol 

other treatEents such as sor8huE roots atd sorghun roots +

t 159. 

leaves vere not consistant. Populatlon of these three veeds ln 

cohtrot renained suppie6sed ,s tmilar 1y 5olghM incorporated at 

pre-trderir€ also depressed thetr lopuletion {ith the 

excepLion or!. belld.dil. Tne sLppression otB. gsgEg! and 

q. !lg.e in cohtrol and vith i.corlolatlon ot solshun at 

p.e-flove.tna ard !. E-llg4Ll in control was posstbly due to 

thlck crop stand because the populatlon of these Fed3 vas 

slAntflcantly hlgh 1n control snd sorghum at pre-floverins 

t.eatments 1n the absence of cro! (Tables 4.4.4,4.4., ard 4.4.5r. 

rhe deNity .r 9, -el@ in the llesence of crop ,as not ulaloln 

as conpered to the obseaed 1n the absence oi cro! du.i,g 194t. 

Althou8h qre nopodlum lolulation durlng 19a6 was gene.aUy loe 

in the p.esence of cro! as cmlared to that in the absence ol 

crop, yet tbe pattern ol respoEe uas alhost sinilar. Inco.lolatlon 

of sorghun at pre-f1@ering, uprooti.a of sorehu at 

iEturity and incorporation of roots at maturity promoted the 

deGlty of c. gllm due to l@er sounts ot allelochen]cs 

rere€sed 1n thse treatnents vh11e solahun roots r sten, sorghu 

roots + leaves 6hd {ho1e so.Ahun suppressed it, Bhovhg the 

tnhlbitory allelopathic etfects of turlgated sorehw on 

Chenopodlun rrbM urde! lleld cordltloE. Ho{we!, the deGlty 

or!. -Cl!]! durlng 19a7 vaa very 10{ 1n a1I tbe treatnents 

1rd1c6ti!g that sorghuo cultlvation could linit Chenolcdiu 

intestation @er tine. 

rhe reslcEe .r 9. I9!!I4!E to lrrleared so!8hun 1n the 

presence ol c.op (vheat)vas dlffefert than obseded In the

.160: 

absehce ol crop (fa11o{) (T6b1es 4.r.1 ard 4,4.t). rn the 

absence of rh.at, C}lerus density vas siAnifl.;antly lovr in all 

the sorghu tleatlrents as conlared to cobt"ot 1n a1r exFelimental 

yea.a rlrile in wrreai durlne first year (1945) a le, plants of 

!. ..tudus were noted onty 1n sorghun ulrooted, sorghun .oots 

and .obt.ol plots v,l!1le in 1985 CWetus detuIty in lost ot lle 

treatnents vas equqf to control excelt those of sorAhuo loots + 

stetr end upr.o jna of so phur ac nllLi 1!v, In 987, I s densily 

tn nost of so.ghuo treatnents ras lo{er than control e*cept that 

of sorehum r ools lnc o.! orated at ilatulity. The Fonotlve or 

sulpr-pssive effects olvarlous Lreatnentson deBfty oJ !.I9!!g!!! 

{ere due to the a11e1o!!thlc effects oJ sorahum. the alorth oI 

Cwerus {as supllessed i. all the sorghun trestnents (visual 

ob6enation) sho|lnC . ccnslderable suplrDssio. ot Cr,petus 

by alIe1opathy. the lolulatioh of]UeEgL!1E jIySljS eeneralty 

rerqrned lovr tn at1 the tleatnents durir4 the yeds of 6nny 

except in 1946, vhlla 1ts denslty 1n cont.ol vas retatlvely 

hi8he. irdicati.e sup!.essive etfecis of i$tsated sdshuE. 

Phala.js g!!91, a noxious eeed of ubeat, ,as hot lotlced h 

1945 hut sppeared durlrg 1986 and 1967, p.obalty 1ts seed uas 

tntroduced through .lr.igatlon vater. The erorth ol phalaris 

lenqhed de!!.sse.l under rhole sorghun or sorghun .cots + steh 

lnco.poratloD at .aturity (p1ate 5,1). The selective efteci! of 

sotghun on veed lolutatlon ard g.orth under fle1d condltions 

suEgest the lossible rote of allelopathy causi.g charses 1n the 

keed spectrun. These lindinSs are in ae.eehenlr ri1,h tbose of 

Putnam ard nerlsnk (19?9); Pusis ej31. (1985) ard Leather 

( t 98r) .

| 161 . 

4.5.4.2. Cerntnation. A.ovth and v1eld of vheai 

The cultlvation of lrrigated sorgbun snd 1ts 

tnco.lo.ation shae

su!!.essed plant helght durl ha 1947. The leductlon 1n height vas 

lossibly due to a1]elolathlc effects of so!8hun on wheat, 

Hovever, lronounced ledu.tlon 1n llent helsht durtne 1947 

{as probably due to plolonged uster stless In Juanaly arul 

February because oJ conlulsory canal clGure, Allelolathlc 

elrects of so.Shun re6ldues on rheat gelnlnqtlon 5nd seedlins 

grovith {e.e .e!o.ted by Guenzl 6nd l,4cca11a (1967) and 

Bieazeale (1924). Incorpo.atlon ot lftgated sor€hun roots + 

sten at naturlty signttlcantty reduced the tuobei ot lroductlve 

titlers per unit area du.ina ihlee ye6rs of the study vhich vas 

toUored by incorporatlon of vhole sor'ghum anl so.ghw roots at 

naturity (labre 4.5.14). The nunber ol fertile tillers in 

solghw.oots r leaveB vas ninlDun durlng 19a5, but durlng 19a6 

a.d 1947 thls t.eatnent lroduced Ddltum productive tluers pe! 

unlt area. Inco.po.€tiot of sorahuE at P.e-f1o{erine eelgal1v 

resulted ln higher fertlle t.r11er5 per urlt sfea. These 

dlfferentlal effects ol sorghun treatnents lrdl.ate ptobable 

retease ot aUelopathle substsnces ln varyirA dounis havhe 

stinulatory ettect po551b1y due to the lo{er concentratlon and 

Irhtbito.y elfects due to hlgher concentratlons{Lehle ij g-1.! 194:,) 

splkelet nunber vas srgnlflcabtly reduced llth 

lncolpordtion ot vhole Botghun at naturlty durins 1945 and 

1947. Incollolation ol sorghun 6t p.€_floleri.g stage enharced 

splkelet folnatio. h 1945. The sulpression in one treatnent 

and stlnulation In the other vas !os51b1y due to varlatlon in 

the quartlty of allelochenlcs. splkelet nunber duljng 1946 {as

'| 161 , 

aenerally 1oN but dllf€lencd altd|g tlE treatDetE vete nF 

slgDtflcant, 1t & dlfllcult to et(!)leln thls .hat€e. 

Incorporatlon ol Borahur ai p.e-ftor€!'1rg lroduced 

high€. nrlbe! of sralne per 3Plke 1n 19€t ard 19€rf Po631bly 

becairse of less productlon of aUelocblDi@ ad the lDcoa"pdat€d 

so.ghw oa63 olght hsve served aB an (lr8anlc @anEe. The 

etfects ot otlE. tteatlents rere hlghly varlable duritg alL the 

yes.s, horev6.' rhole sdghu at Daturlty proaluc€al slgnulcaEtly 

less Arslns pe. Bplke durtrg 1945 ard 19€rl. ln A€neral, gr61n 

ruDber decreased vlth sorghuD cultlvatlon d|rflng succe€dlq ye€r'6 

lnllcatlrlg cu@latlve €ftects of a1le1och€!i6 .eleaaed atd 

€dd.d to 3o1l through sorahuo culttvattdl. 

th€ effocb of Bo|'ghu on gr6l.n r€lght eere not 

conslstent. Durlng 1985 ard 195 g.aln rclEht ra8 lnlluenc€d 

conslderably vher€aB In 19€al no ettect raB ob8eNed, albolt 

oiher codporEnt€ r€re greatly lnltu€nc€d durlnA 1947. In 

gecral, sorghu shou€d 1e3s depreBslve .ltect on grah relgltt 

ihln otlEr paraoeters, In 19e5 th€ tralE vele elther h.av16r 

or equal to that ot controL ln au the reabertg. sbl.larly ln 

196 g.aln r€1Aht ra6 e1tlr.! od. or equal to control in alt tbe 

sorghui treatDents .r.cept vhole segrnr! (Table 4.5.1?). Probably 

supFesseal plant helght urder Do6t aorghb tleatEnts le6ult€d 

rn relatlv.ly b€ftr trsEloc€tlon ot photo;ynthates to 6feiE. 

Incdpdatton ot lrrlget.d sorglun greaity reduced the 

vh.et strar yleld (table 4,5.1O, vhole gorghuo lnc@pestiott

| 164 t 

at n6turlty appealed to be nole sullresslve treatnent' It 

reduced stra{ yleld by 55, l5 eid A Percent dutihe 1945' 19a6 

and 1947, lespectlvety. SorghuD.oots + leaves reduced strav 

yleld by l, and 22 le"cent durirg 1985 srd 1986, but had no 

etfect during 1947. sorshun roots + steh suppressed strav vietd 

by 1a and 29 lercent du.tng .tra, ad 196t,herea6 in 1947 the 

ellect {as non-slgnilleant, These eftects vele in accofdance 

{ith those ol Purvls g! gi. (1985) dho reForted about lo le'cent 

decrease in the dry @tter accsutation of theat by sorAhu 

residues suAaesti,g strong auelopathic elfects of sorghun on 

{heat under r1eld cortlitior'' coîderablv mo'e strae yietd {as 

noted in sorghum at Fe-l1over1.g and no 5olehm (control) 

treatnents durlng 198t ard 1986. Itieher stiav vielC vtth 

lrcorForatlon ot 6orgh@ at pre-florering oav be attributed to 

relatlv€1y less allelochenlcs (lhelollc content) h sorehu 

!.1or to heading as deroEtlated by Uoodhead (19e1). Strat 

yield durtns 194? wa6 generauy 1ov as cmpa.ed to the yleld ot 

strav duling 1945-€5. L@ stlaw yield ln 19e7 @y be atilibuted 

to exterded c6na1 closule regulthg 1n notsture 6tfess

:165: 

.oBiderably laer g!at! yield uas recorded vith the hcdpolation 

ot i.rlCated sorghun.oots + 6tem ard uhole sorshu at 

natuflty. Incorpo.atlon of sorghun roots + sten decreased y1eld 

by 24, 9 and 2t percert, ard rhole Bolghm decleased grain 

yleld by 12, 7 and lo percent @er control durlhg 1985, 1986 

ard 1947, lespecthely. Reduction jn grain yield nay be 

att!ibuted to suppresslve eftects ot allerochenics releasett 

fron sorghum at n6tu.ity, ,hite highe. srain yield ,ith sorehm 

at pre-flo|erir€ ,as pcsibly due to ]ove. attetolatblc 

substances, as obseryed by !000dhead (19a1) 

,ho reDolted thar the tevet ot aUelo.henicals prior to headlr€ 

vas .etatlvely tou and jDcreased uith oaturity. Chahges in grain 

yleld vlth sorghm ulrootir€, solghun loots abd sorghuo roots + 

leaves duribg three ye6rs of the experiEeDration hight be due to 

tbe varlatlob 1n the ..leaso of altetocheotcats. Slmllr 

uere lelorted by Bhovmik ard Dol1 (19s2) uho 

.evealed that co.n and erain tdtait residues enhanced sorrgh6 

yleld a.d reduced th€ yield ot corn, vhile sunllover ard 6oybeai 

resrdues supp.essed soybean yleld, ,heleas sorghun.esftlues sholed 

no eflect on soybean ard corn yield urde. field cond.ttloc. Sorghb 

used 1n thelr study llobably vas hanested lljof to headhg. 

Hovever, the.e could be spe.les-sleclrlc growth regutatlDA effect 

ot atletochenicals (overta.d, 1966). 

AlthtuAh Dost sor.Ahun 

yielC yet sorghun roots 

solghun incorlo.ation at 

tlestnents delressed vhe.t prath 

lncorlorated at m6tlrlty cxcept 19a5 

!.e-tl4ering lforioted giain yield- 

.'/

' 

165 | 

(tabte 4.5.19). Mor€over' tne.eductldl ,n total veed dry lass 

(except }{e1llotns) rlth Doat sorgln! t'€abelts (Tabre 4.5.11) 

{aE corulderably od. thah that o! $heat! rhtu lrdlcates that 

the se of soghur platrt .eslduea 4ppeais to be s Dsetut 

practlc6 1n ltnj.ting poputatlon and alouttl of, the e€sd8 

(exced nel11otlg) urder fleld cddlti(I!.

4-6- Efrelt oI Non-lrrtaaLed Sorshun on \'reeds in thp 

Absence of l{heat 

4.6.1. Introductlon 

Potential of sorghun as a source or alleloPathic 

substa.ces ad 1ts .ole in.elation to Needs ard crops has beeh 

lnvestig6ted by Puinan ani D€rant (19?9);Hussat. anr o6doon(1931). 

Inhlbito. contents of p1alts have been lelorted to increase 

under varlous stress situations. stress c..ditlons sererally 

increase tbe concentratioG of inhlbttors (Rlce, 1984). Drought 

streEs is a phenonenon of in dry regioE but 

}lttle vork has been done to deternlne its ellects on the 

inhibitor conl,ent of planlis, However, Del Moral (192) obsewed 

greatest tnc.ease In chlorogenic ard tuochtorogentc 6clds 

resulti!8 fron a ccnblnatlon oi dlought stress a.d nitrogen 

deflcie.cy, cilmoi€ (1977) stated that camlhene coeeltration 

in..eased virrh soit-&olstur€ st.ess in one test year and 

dec.eased drlng tbe secord yed. It *$, theretore, conteeplat- 

ed to exanlne the effe.t of solehum gr@n uhder non-i.rlsated 

reglne, on *eed deGlty ard Arovth. 

4.5.2. Exlerin€nta1 detalls 

Tbe Eethodology adolted has alrea

| 168 ! 

weed specles ob8e4od 1n all the ,€ds sere purpte 

nutsedse (qpell! .otundw), yerl@ svet clovq (Met11otw 

psrifloia), taobsqua.ters (glllglg:jrg sl@), knot veed 

€9]]/39!!E *11ar.a11) , Exire cress €ctctslgr_a .glEEc) ard 

dock (Elsgl !SEe.$), Pr'pernel (AasgEl!9 cXXClglS) and 

csnory srass (-e!e.LC4! -pj_!gr) ,ere notlced tn 19a6 and 1907. 

Results corceinlne the eftects of non-rrlgated sorAhw 

on eeeds g!@iry naturally urder tiefd coldltioE are plesented 

4.6.1.1. Iqlal reed populat.ion 

vartous treatnents ot non_Ilrlgated sorghun elthe! 

sutp.essed e eDhanced the poputation ot reeds but the efJects 

ot mGt treat@ents vere inconsistanj, (Tabte 4.6.j). In 19S5 

totar veed population wa6 slgniflcaltty 10{ In !1ors vhere 

sorghm ras up.ooted at n6turtty, Iheled, eeeii deEity in 

aU other trestnehts wss statl6t1car1y equal {ith control. 

Iiovever, the pattem changed du.tng 19SE and 19A7, Looest 

eeed dercity {as roted eithe. ,ith the lnco.pdarlon o, ,hole 

solghun durl!'g 1985 or vith so.ghuo roots + steo aluring 19a2. 

llleed loputatton vlth incorporation oJ soreh$ at lle_flqeling 

or sorAhm roots + leaves at @tu.ity eas equal to controt ln

t '59t 

{.5.1. Effect ol non-t!!19.t.d 

populatton (.-zt In tb6 

Cord (No sghun) 

sdatuo i@rpoBrid 

.t pr.-rlow.rina 

So.Ehuh (p.oor.d 

Sd8hm 1613 in6rporarro. 

at h.r0riry 

Sorghum roors I 

rr.h Inco.por.rion 

sorahqn roors + 

l.iver inco.poratio 

Vhole br8huh incor 

Pa.tM .r n.turnt 

&1t t,o n.N nd sh{|m a 

tutly ar t$ Fob.liltry t.-rc| 

sorghus oD tot-at w€€d 

l9lt t9l5 l9a7 

l.tt6 in cmlM in a 

25€.? d 

515.! a 

!16. ? d 

521,1 a

4.6. f.2. Pury1e Nuts

T.!L 1.6.2. Bllect ot Don-tltigated €orghuo on purpre nut.edse 

t9tPglgg !otsd!.) ttdsity (r_2t lD th. .b.€n@ of 

c6t.ol (No $thln) 

sqAhlm incorporEtlon 

ai 9..-flow..int 

Sorahum uproor.d 

satho ;s i@rpo- 

..tto. at nat(riry 

So.th!m .oo!5 | 

sl.m in.o.por.tion 

5orth{m .oot. } 

r.rv€ incorpor.rlo 

Vhol. sorShlD i@F 

F..ud ar tutqrity 

fr8, l9a4 lrlz 

26.3 al 10.3 a ltt.o. 

1.1 b 6.3 b 30.? b 

1.7 c 6.? ab 5.? e 

l.? c 3.0 c 19.0 cd 

{.0 c 3.1 c 9.3 d6 

3.7 c 13.3 cde 

0.7c l.7c 6.7E 

l. Aiy l{o m_cd.or_lharht. r.ri.r in mno ln 6.otumn drtf.r 3rtniri- 

@rly ar t96 p.o6.bihy bv.l (DMR T6d.

4.6.3. Eftect oI non-Irllglted 6o!9hus oD kno! 

(EgUgglc! !9!]a41!t dcn.Itr (o-2) ln 

absen . ot rh.at. 

conllol (No $rthuh) 

Sorthum i.@rpo.ari6 

al pr.-llorerlng 

torghum uproot.d 

ssthum r@ts incorpor.rbn 

al marurlty 

Sorshuh r6or! + 

3t.m lnco.po..rlon 

So. thun .oot5 + 

r..vcr incorpor.tio 

Vhol. e€hum in6F 

Pq.lon Bt marlrtt 

l9l, l9a6 

12.3 br 

t. Aiy t.o hcaft mr th.dn! a 

canily .t tr Fobalithy tc;.r (D R t6d. 

229.3 b. 

247.7 ab 

214.1 c 103.7. 

14.3 b ?0.0 d 

13.3 b 220.0. 

lO5.!. 

n a cotun. ditl6 3i6niri-

4.6. 4. Etlect ot br-1!!19.r.d 

(BUIEI al€ntatusl it6.1ty 

1n tne .baenc€ ot rh..t. 

corol (No sryhu.n) 

Sor8huo iEdpqsrton 

.t pr.-llowc.ing 


5d6h@ roo$ ircorPof..@n 

et matlrity 

Sorthum root! + 

3t.m incorpor.tioo 

5orghu6 root3 + 

bre.s in.orpd.rid 

vholc sthlh imr- 

Da.tq ar mturlty 

l. Aiy r?o mc d .h&ttu a 

catry ar ,* D.o6.Dithv t iel 

'fie|;"" d"k 

l9tt l9a6 t9E7 

29. O c 37.0 d 

51,7 a 31. ? d 

89.7 b 

h . 6tom diftd rtani'|-

,174, 

populatton duri.g 196 and 1987. Eiaher Rue* 

noted vith sorghw !@ts + leaves 1n 1985 and 

uprootilg of sorehun at r6turlty durlng 19€6. 

either rlth yhole sorSli@ in 19S5 atet 19€6 d 

foots + sten in all the years, remalned equaL 

4.5.r.5. srlne cress (sereblera g!!gs) 

rhe Populatlon of 9.31ggg vas p..moted (Table 4.5.5) 

and slg.tllcantty higler eeed Nober xes noted iD sor'Ah@ roots, 

sorghun ioots + stem d sorghun roota a leaves durins 1945 and 

19a6, rhile lts deGltt in 1967 in these treatnents vas statls- 

tic611y on pa. viih control. seneblera populatlon ,11,h solAhu 

at pre-flouerlne o! drole soghu at oaturtty renatned equal 

yith contlo] 1n the years of experiDent. Althoueh c€d nDber 

vas hl8ber or equal to contlol yet lts g.onth 1,as suppressed 1n 

h6t ot th€ sorshun treatnents (vlsust obsesatiod. 

4.6. 3.6. lgnbsquarters (cbenopodiw eb_o) 

chencpodiu €1bu popllation d(rlne 19a5 (Table 4.6.6) 

{as 1@ (2 to 6) ln al1 the treathents ard the effect {as hot 

clear. Ttre deEity ot Chenop

175t 

4.6.5, Efret of non-lrrlsat€a Eolgbun 

(g.nebier. dtitvn., nelslty In-21 

Conl.ot {No er8huh) 

sorthuh in.orporadon 

a! pr.-flowc.in8 

so.6hun !proot.d 

Sd8hun r6ft incorbra 

oi ar daru.hv 

so. Snoh .oor. I 

.!.m incorpor.ilon 

5orEhum roots a 

Gavc! incorDor.tio 

vhole $r8hum imd- 

Po.at6n at haiuriry 

l9l, t116 traf 

22.0 a 

122.0 bcd 

I r8.7 bcd 16?,0 ! 

12!.? ltE 1t?.0 b6 

35,3 d 

f;,r,,;tlHT.s,ffff.i (ldraTh ce|M in . cotnn dirrd .iAniti_

T.!lc ,t.5.6. altat ot rn-tffigat€il aotghur o! r,anb6qurft€iE 

tch€noFdiup qllgll density ln_zl in the Bbs€nce 

of eheat. 

C6r.ol (No Eorghsm) 

Sdthum in@iDodtioi 

.t p.€-rlor.rint 

5or6hum uproor.d 

sd8tuo ;t3 l.wpor.r6n 

ar mrtur y 

5o r thun roor3 . 

st.n inco.por.rlon 

SorAh!m rootr + 

1..!.! inco.por.ri6 

vhole srghum incor 

Pora!6 6t m.tu.ity 

t98' t986 t9a7 

2.0'ns 23, ? bcl r8.3. 

5.1 15.3 c !4.3.b 

74,1 . ?.0 cd 

4.1 21.0 c 3.? cd 

5.0 ?7.? bc s.0 d 

38. O b 10.3 bc 

l. Aiy.r{o mla ml rharj$ 6 t"rtt in (mm6 in s 6tumn di .r liSrjficnrlr 

.t ,* probabthy hiel (DMR T6t). 

n5. non signi.fi.iant-

4.6. r.?, Plmperdel (4!egg]!!9 

an.prallis wss not noticed durlng 1945 but a ie, tlants 

were rccorded drr lrs 1986 ard 1987, (Iable 4.6.7). sorgbun roots 

or loots + sten shoved enhancina ettect tn 1946, fo1lMd by 

vhole so.ghun at neturlty, vt€less, the elfects ot other 

treatoents veie not clea.. In 1947, 1t3 declty rda1red 1d 

(1 to 6) h all the treatoeits atd {as .ot 1nf:lueDced by any 

ol the so.gh@ ireetnentsr 

4.6.l. a. CaEry Arsss 

4149!) 

$C194!.4!9I vas not fould ln 1985, s fev plants 

(2-9) ve.e .otrc€d tn 1946, ard tbel! tMler lncleased ( 8-25 ) 

th 1987 (Table 4,5.8), Hoveverr the populatlon ras generslty 

ld. S orehun roots incorpolatlon at haturlty exhlblted 

!.rrotjve eflect 6nl tts denstty vas slgnlflcaDtly hkher than 

aU the treatments in both the years, ,he.eas the elfects ol 

other treEtnents ,ere non-s lAnltlc ant. 

4,6.1.9. yellor sveet cl@er (!9!19!rE !cgtg.gx3) 

Population of !! raryiflors lncreased t oD 1 to 5 Plants 

du.lna 1945 to 10-26 durlng 196 6hd 14-72 Plants du.1r8 1947 

(Table a.6.9) vith sor8hM curttvatton. Its deEity 1n 19at eas 

sp3.se and ihe dltlerences vele not clea.. In 19€5 sdah@ 

roots + stem or {hole sdgbun at naturlty slgnttjosntly enha.ccd 

l4eulotus polulation ,hile other tleatnents shoved nort 

slgniticant effect. Vee

: r78 t 

T.ble 4.6. ?. alfect of non-llliglted solghum-on ptnpehel 

{Anq611ie afren.is, den.uy (n-r) in the 

absence of {treat. 

cdirol (No wttum) 

5a8nlh imo+oraria 

.i D..-rtow.rtng 

SorShum !p.oor.d 

sqshtrn .615 incqDc 

r.rlon ar maturiry 

so.gnun roorr + 

.t.n lncorpo..rio. 

Sorghum roor. + 

rc.v.s incoroo..ti6 

Wholc $r6hom in6r 

pqa on at hrturity 

'' I'li:l!ffi5#il"Jt 

l93J 1986 t987 

-3 o.r st 1.52 

2. D.tayd.er ely*d b.c.u( ot highty v.rt.bL poDu8ron. 

l. rhe Eed did nor e*t6L in tg8s- 

5.3 b 5.3 

rmndirr€r3i8ni'ica-

4.6I 

contol (No erthufr) 

So.Shum l.co.p.ratlon 

at p..-ttow.rlnt 

50.8hun !proor.d 

so.thuh n;rs in6Do- 

.atlon .t maturity 

So.thrm roors * 

sr.h in

: 180 ! 

TrhL 4.619. Eff.ct ol non-ilri.glteit aorghun on telld-sc.t 

clover (16liroEu6 Erviflora) density tn-'t in ths 

ab.ence of rh€.t. 

Cdt.ol {No $.8hu6) 

SorShum i@rporatid 

SorAhu6 ut!ooi.d 

Srthum @13 lrcoryorarr.n 

at matu.lry 

5orahu o .oots + 

!l.m incorpor.tion 

SorAhum .oot3. 

r.rve. incorporado 

{no|. *Eh!n i@rpa.tbn 

.t mtu ity 

t. 

lt8t 1936 l9a, 

L.O2 11. ? b1 

5.0 l0-3 b 

fillfr["F5.ffi,",Hff i"t'tt*j')omno in ' 

2.3 55.? b 

2.0 55,0 b 

corumn ditra si'.ilica- 

T.:jH,:ll *O..d *.". or hishry v.rr.hr. p.purads, onry th€ F!n.

| 141 ' 

treatdents increased over cortrol excelt that of sorgh@ at 

pre-floveri!9. Ahost slnilar trend vae notlced vlth l.rigated 

4.6.f.10. Total eeed lresh bl@ass 

Incoryoratto! o! sorghm 1n a1t the treatnents 

(Table 4.6,10) comlderably .educed fte6h {.tght as conpded 

to no so.ghrn (control) durine 1986. Strifa! tlerd vas noted 

durlnA 19e7, anyhov, cmlarstively ress fresh hlonass vas 

recor

labL a.6.r0- Effect ot non-1!!ig.ted solgh$ on tot.l r66al 

!t€.b bl,oFes (9 D-2t tD tb€ ab..n@ of rnert. 

c6rd O.lo ddtuh) 

sdatuh i|KFErio 

So.thuh !proot.d 

sattun @r. IreFratron 

at maturity 

5o.8hun roots + 

steh Incorporation 

So.thum root! i 

Fav.! incorPorario 

rhol. qthh inco.porauo 

ar haturity 

lra4 lraT 

2t3!.0.1 658.1 . 

1196.? b 

1350.0 b 

'169.1 d 

279.L n 

. sl6n .,llt.r ilsnjl|..-

t bl. 4.6.11, Effec! of non-lttlgat€d sorghum on total ,eeit 

itly reiqht (9 n'l in the abaenc€ of {heat. 

tr85 t987 

rotal .!!: Etirlda- oth..3 

Cdtrof (No ld8lrun) 297.1 a' L29.3 a 3.? d 120.6 a 

t-lz (-) r-l (-) 

Sdghum i.dp{ation 166.4 b 94.2 bc 11.? d 32.5 b 

.r P..-froe.rint. (/r/r.0) 12r.Lt {3,1.51 (31.6) 

So.ghuo uproorcd 202.0 b tot.B b 36.5 a 63.3 c 

.r naturity 132.1) (2r.Jt (312.31 t4?.51 

S&tnun .@r3 iftdpc t?2.8 b S5.a cd 23.9 c 61.5 c 

..rron .r nlrurxy (41,9) (34.0) trr4.1l {49.0) 

So.8lruh foois r 164.8 b 6,i,8 e 23.2 c ,t1,6 d 

.r.m lnco.porarion t44.6) (49,9) (155,7t (35.t) 

sor8hlm .oors r 105.5 b 91.2 bc 2O.O bc 63.2 c 

f.av$.inco.!.ratio.(3?.61 129.51 t22r.at u7.61 

Vholc .rghum ind- 1Oa.O c ?5,? de 36;s ab 33,9 d 

Fr.uon ar harurlly (63.a] {41.5) (323.0t 161.11 

| - Any r@.msr mr stE.ln6 a tetr.r in @m':u in. cotutu ditt.r jiSnjtica 

nrly at t% probab lry t.v.l (DMR T8r). 

2. Flgure3 given In p.lenth€.ts:shd tErcent dec.c.e€ or 

inclease in u€ed dly ,erqht ove! control. 

. Contribullon of l'1. pllvrflora to total reed dly tratter 

curinq !9 37.

| 144 : 

(lible r,.4.11). Therefole, even by suo:tr'3Ling rr-- dry uekht 

or!. t3:]!!lLgl! overall !.att.r. dld not changr. 

4.6.4, Discussjon 

Incorlolat1on ot non-1ryieated sorghun elther sullresied 

or lronot'rd both l.dlvldual ard tota] v/eed dnber. The pattcrn 

of etiect {as nore or lcss stDlla! as obsen€d h .trr1a6ted 

so.ghw. How*e., the eftect€ of non-irrlgated sorAhM vele 

cdpa.atively less tltan the eflects ol Urigated sorghM 

losslhly due to leduced sdghun gro{th unler non-llllAated 

condltioc (Plate 5.2) vhich urtiDately resulted in less 

qrantlty of the sorghM bimass lnco.porated per plot. The 

qusntity ol the mate.lal ibcofpo.gted intb the soil oight 

have lntluenced the Dature ard degnitude oi eftect. Chs.AeE 

in the effects vlth valled qualtity ot the ieEldue vere 

ddoctr3ted by Lehre g! 31. (19€l). 

Hlghe. total ,eed polulation,ith scghun irco.porellon 

at pre-flouer-ing and so.Cbm loors + leaves at maturlty durlre 

three ye6!3 or 1nestl8at1on {as pos51b1y due to enhanced 

Seelnation of ce.taln yeeds pa.ttcLrtdly. p. beltapdjt ard 

R. dentatus unje! thes6 treatrcnts. Uplooilry of sorAhw at 

laturltr enhanced the aemlnatlon or g. Erviflfa, 

!. be11a!d11,3. -qs4!!!r, !. 3:3.tg-a aad!. albutr ?o. sme 1n

.145r 

1946 ard othe.s in 1947. Attholsh the effects oI othe. trearnents 

{ere not coGlstant over thee yeals ol 6tudy, yet incorloration 

of sorghum .oots + sten a.d rhole sorgh@ at natu.ity shwed 

sutpresslve €rrect on total {eed !o!u1at1on durlhg 19a6 erd 

1947 ildlcatinA that in dporation ol uhole sorghu o! so.ahu 

roots + sten leleased cmla.atlvely hieher sdnt of a1letochenlcs 

than other treatnents. This 1s sulported by the resutts oblained 

f.on l.rlgated sorghuh (see Section 4.4.r). AUetopathic efteci6 

vary in dllferent !a!ts of th€ pl5nts (Srivastava €t €1., t9S, 

ard chashtai g! gl. , 1986). rnterestiqly, even htaher ve€d 

density v66 touhd in certatn treatnents, though lresh and dry 

veiShts leoained considelably lov in ait the sorghue treatments 

a6 coBlared to contloI (no sorshuh) durhs 19a5 and j9a7. Thrs 

suggests the posslbte rore sorsh@ ctuId play to reaulare vee.i 

denslty ahd erowth (putnan and Od,!ank, 19./9r. 

Incorloratioh of so"ghw at lre-flor€r1ng caused 

conside.able supp.6sio! of totat ,e€d fresh aryr dry yelshts 

h 1946 aftr 1987 (Tabtes 4.6,1o a/d 4.6.j1), !h1ch uas different 

ihan obsened vlth irliaated sdghqn inco.por atton at rde_ 

lloverinA (lables 4.4.10 ald 4,4.,11). i! a!!ea.s that str.essed 

sorghM plsnts eould p.duce enough inhibrtors befor. finat 

@turity yhich 1s bot poss.ibre ln notua1 arowth(Rice,19A4) theretde, 

incorporatlon of frigated sorghln at pre-floverins shoved no 

o. ltttle sulpression on veed 8r@th.

: 146 3 

The population arr! gldth of u. nafl.tflora ea6 p.omoted 

,tth non-lrrlgated sorghu, 54e etfect ua6 noled vlth 

l.rlgated sorghum rhtch conttrmd that sorAhun culttratton 

and incorporatlon lronotes both deDslty and grorth of 

!. paRiflora urder fleld conrit_rons (T6btes 4.6,9 end 4.6.11), 

The efrect ot non-ir.tgated sorghuo ua6 .etativel.y 

4o!e o! cr rotundus than 1!.lgated sorghn. This nay be related 

to corditloE ot the tletd under non_lrrigated reglne. ttoistu.e 

srress to sor'ghum together vtth 1ts lncorpofatlo! sullressed 

g. Jotu.'dus popularion lore tha, Xhat tlrieated sorAh@. Othe. 

ueeds shoyed hore d tess the sale respoce as ,a6 observ€d 1n 

i.rrgated sorthDn. Tbese tindtrgs sulpqt the ,ork of putrun 

$ g-1. (1981)-i Punis 9j e.l. (19sj) vho obseryed setective 

suppression or prouotton of ueed polutalron or grokth by 

varlous crop resldu€s urner field cod1tloc.

.147, 

4,7. Effect ol Non-lr.irated Srsh@ on {eeds ln 

the Preserce o, I'lheat 

4.7.1. Introd'r,tion 

Incorporation of crop re6idles nay ituhlbit or prcnot€ 

the a.cvth ard ylelC of suhsequent c.ops (Blovnik an(l DoU, 19a2) 

and could selectively intiblt or 6thulate the gelninatron and 

s.olth of vee

.1e3t 

nutsedse (gtEEryg f9j!l!1r9). !1nlernel (4!9g3ll& anecis) ard 

_anar\ sraqs (Phala_i6 nlno_) vere ab6en! d.irl4'945, hodder, 

these appeared in 19e5 ad 1947 in a iolatlvely Iov loputation, 

Results legddhg the ettects or non-Lrigated sorghm 

on vheat and lheat-reeds ude! fleld conditioB are pr,asented ih 

4,7.1.1. Iotal veed Dooulation 

Weed population vas-elther enhsnced or .educed by 

dltfelelt solghun treatDent6 (tabte 4.7.1). Cociderably 1ov veed 

deEity 1n at1 the yeals ras observed eith ircorpolation ot {ho1e 

sorglum st @turIty. The eliect6 of other treatments ve.e not 

coElstant. Anyho{, so.ghu roots + steb at Datuity ard so.8hw 

at !!e-t1owe!1!g 1l,ere nore suppressde than other tleatments 

dulns 1985 a'd 1967, Wheled lncorpolstion of sdghum roots 

showed promotive ellect resultlng in hleher ueed stahd durlng 

1986 at\d 1957 folloyed !y sorghun .oots + leaves ant up.oot.lrA 

of solghum. {eed populatlon in controt vas hlgher than art 

other treatbents 1n 1945, horder, veed denslty 1n control vas 

towe!. than up.oo1lng df sorgbum (durlng 1986), sorehun rool,s 

(du.l.E 193D and sorghuE rdot6 + teaves du.1rs 19€6 and 1947. 

4.7.f.2. Purple nutsedse (!]@fus 

rotundus) 

The eilect of non-rrieated sdshun on S.lpg!! I9!g4!!s 

uas qlite 5ullressir€ (Tsb1e 4.7.2). Although C, rotubdus density 

ln 1945 ar! 1945 uas 

htghly varrable yet .in Eorghum treatments,

Connol (No sorBhlm) 

Sorghuh inco.poratis 

ar Pre-lIo{erin8 

so.tnum uDroored 

strghum r@r5 jncorporaton 

ai oaruriry 

Sorthuh iooi s , 

3r.m 'nco.Po.ation 

sor6huh roor5. 

Fav6 incorFrarid 

Vhol. qalM io@- 

Po.aloo ar hfiurity 

r 149 I 

Effec! of non-irllgareil Eolghul 

Populatlontn-z) In the p!..ence 

t. A.y l{o h.ft mr jh.rh. . 

cenrly ar 5ta Fobabit'ty t.;.1 

t9a5 1986 t9a7 

4!, ? al 

26,3 b 

11.3 it 

20!.7 a 

193.2 ab 

tl13 u 

169.3 d 

n . coruhn dalrd ii6niri-

'19o, 

T.bL a.t.2. tlf..t ot non-t!!Iq.!.d .orghun on purpl€ 

nutseilse (cvp€rlg totundu.l dans*y tn-21 

in tb€ pr3aence of ebeat. 

cmrrol (No sthum) 

Sdghrm incorpor.tion 

.t 0r.-rlowc.int 

Sorah(o !p.ooi.d 

5r8h{m mrs incorpor.rion 

at m.rorlry 

Sorthum ro..3 r 

.t.m Incorpo6llon 

Sorahum roo.r + 

lc.v.6 ircorpor.ttd 

' Vhol. er8hum incoG 

pq.!o ar druity 

193' 1986 t987 

a-62 ?.0 

2.O 25.J b 

l. Any ruo^m.anr nor 3h.ring a l.nr in (mo in ! @tumn dittd iitninca. 

nu' .r )x Fo6.lufty tevet (Dt|R Tet). 

2. Itaia€..ot @ty!.d b.o@ ot hiANy vuiabt poglatimr onty th€ Eans 

1,0

! 191 ! 

its nunbe! uas l@er thaD cont.o1. The eJfec! of vartous 

treatoents ras nore cle€r 1n 1947, rhole sd'ghun d sdghuD 

rools lDcorporet ior at laturtry shlred signlttcant su!,pressjle 

etiect fe5ult:ns ln lqest vead n@ber. pupte nui6edge 

denslly In other so.ghun treatnents {as at6o coElde.ably 

lover th6n control. 

4.7.5.5. Krct reed (Polvionun beuardii) 

Ettect oa various i.eat@nls xs @t coBlstant aoong the 

years o! studv (Tabte 4.7.r). Howevd, lncorloratlon of rhole 

sorchJn end sorahw roors - st6d s.pp.Fssed !gu8!!gIr bertardrr 

denllty vh1le inccrporation of so.ghuD roots lrohoted its 

. densu.y. the delsity of thts reed r€naln€d c@Lte.ably high 

iD cont.ol In all the years ot .t(dy. 

4.7,1,4, Do.k (3gSI denratu) 

lhe data ln Ialle 4.7.4. sho{ that the denslty of 

!. -gS4eS {a6 extrsely toh(o.t to 1.7) in 196r, }ut irceased 

gradually over ih€ yesrs ln a1t the treatreiis, In 19€6, 

s@ghud tncorpdat€d si pre-flderLg had lronotlve eftecr 

.esulttnA 1n hlgher reed nuiler vhile the elfects.of otle! Bcrehur 

treatncnla oere not c1ear. anyhov, incorpolatIon of {note 

so.€hun appeared to !e sulprnsslve in 1947 and lncorporation of 

sor€hm roots resulted ln hlahe3t Ruoex derElty irdicating 

stiDulstory elfect on .its ge.nlration. L@est reed lMber in 

1947 uos, hdwe!, recdded In cdtrcl. Altho|€h eeed @nbe! 

in sorghun treotnerts vee htaher than control y€t areih *as

co.rrol (No $r8num) 

sorlhln i.|@pq.ti6 

at Pr. Ilov.ring 

sorthum !prooted 

ssthum r6ot3 idcdpc 

Sorghuh roors + 

sl.m inc6.po..tion 

sorBhum roors + 

r..v.r inc.rpo.ariq 

s,hol. sorghum Incor 

pq.no .r n.tlrny 

| 192.. 

Elfect ol no!-itrlqated aolqhw 

lPolvaonun betl.rdltl denBlty th 

1n th6 p!e6enc6 ol eheat. 

r\.y rro h.c @r J*i@ a 

c.ntly ar tt6 !.ob$ithv t.-rc| 

_t 

t935 1986 t9a7 

12.3 b 

100.3 a 58.3 cd 

96.3 . 

. 6rmtr difis .ioiti-

| 193 | 

T.hle 4.7.4. Eflect ol Don-llliqat€d .orqhun on dock 

ilenBity t!-2) in the pres€nc€ of err6.!- 

conrrol (No $r8lruft) 

SorSnum in@rporation 

at p..-flow.rina 

Sorghum uprooied 

Sorghuh .@t' incorpo- 

[tb. ar n.ru.ity 

Sorghunl roors + 

3t.m inco.po.arion 

So.ahuh .oorr + 

l.ar€s in.orpo.itid 

vhole $r6nuo thr- 

F.atrq ar tuioit 

tta, t936 t987 

o.t1 

0,1 25.8 b 

t. ay t{o.i.G mi rh.tin8 a t.t!fr in cmmo in a @thn drltcr j8niric., 

noy at ter Fob.bitny hyet olnR T6d. 

2. 

0.3 

2.7 

D.os.r.mt andy3.d beause ol hight, vdiabt. pogjarion. onlythe re6ns 

are qrve^r

t 19tr r 

ee.erally reained sullressed (rsble 4.7.11). 

4.7. r.5. swine dess (seneblera 3l$&) 

Sorshum lncorp@at1on sh@ed p.motlve or slpplessive 

eftect on the deEity ot syine cress Tabte 4.?.5). Over att 

populatlon ot senebiela vas senelslly 1or (i to 6) in 19e5 

increased (41 to 59) cobsidelably duirg 1968 errr then decr€osed 

(16 to 50) 1n 1987. rhe elfects oi variow sorgnu tleatEents 

ee.e not consistant durllg three years ot t.iat, hd/der, higher 

{eed denslty uas noted ,lth uFooted so.ahun tn 19a5 ed rltn 

lncorloratlon of sor€hun roots durlns j986 ald t9s7. Ihe 

popuLatloD in ccntrol va6 ststistlcslry equl yith uprooted 

solghun, vhote sorghun 6t naturjty and solghun at p.e_flouelir€ 

in 1985 ard 19sl. 

4.7.1.6. Lsnbsqu6rte.s (chenopod tup s:!EI) 

Denslty of c. €1bun 1n 19a5 was very to! (0,7 to J,O), 

the.e $as .tnc.ease (e to 2, 1n its populatlon 1n 19a5 a.d a 

decrease (1 to 3) vas noted 1n jgez in sll the treahients 

(Iabte a.7.5), Htaher chenopodiu tunber ras ooserved {:th 

up.ootlng ot sorghuu at matulty illriltg 19€5 lrrtlcathe 

stlnutat@y effect on gerninatlon of lanbsquarters, In 19az 

th€ dlfferences rre.ol clear dorl8 the re.merrs, horder, 

polulation was cohsidergbty tou ln alt th€ rreerbenrs as conp€led 

to the density obsefred in jgAG irxtlcaiing bio_regutctory 

control of lanbsquarters vith 6or€hu4 culrrvat.toh.

cord (No $rshum) 

SorShum incoiporario. 

50.3h!m oproot.d 

Sa8hh @r' IndFr.rron 

ar maru.hy 

Sorghuh roors. 

ien Incorporarion 

Sorah0n roors + 

r..v.s 'ncorPoralio 

Whol. erghrm incor- 

!qan6 at mruiry 

t. &1, rro m.N nor dE i@ a 

c.nny at ,* prob.bfliry t.-kt 

.19r. 

non-llrigated 8olghun 

didvna) density t6-2) 

t985 t186 

43.8 b 

5.7 b 68.5 a 

5.1 b 69.2 3t,0 b 

l.nd in @nnh in .

'. 1cA I 

TBble ,t,?.6. Elfect ol Don-L!rlg.!.tt sorqhuo,on tamb.quarr€!€ 

(9!S!9r99!g g.!!gll ilen.itr {n -t In the pr4ence 

ot th..t. 

coNro, {No srdunt 

SorShun imrpc6ris 

.r pf e-t lov..tn 8 

5or8h!m trproor.d 

S.rghuo 6G inor!.rarron 

.t oatrrhy 

Sorgh!m roor ! + 

3r.h Incorfror.tion 

sorgn!fr roois r 

lc.v.r lncorpo..iio 

Vhole $rahrn ilw- 

Doa o .t n.turiiy 

trt, lt86 trel 

o. ?2 to.o bcl 3.3n. 

1r3 

23. t t 1.1 

12.8 b 2,3 

3.0 lt.o bc 3-l 

2.7 

" flil:l!,ffffiffi,i1tr 

n"i'63kniri6- 

'' $1;1;;;' *,""a t i,a o. hishrv vdirbr. Ffdratior! olry Ehe n..ns 

E = mn signili.anr.

T.bL 4. ?.7. Etfrct o! 

tana:.l1iE 

preaenc€ 

Cot ol (No erghum) 

Sdshuo iE poraiid 

Sor6huh oproot.d 

Sa8hum root3 iftqpG 

rrtroh at m.rurity 

Sorghum roors + 

rt.m ldco.po. ion 

So.th(h roors + 

r.rve3 incorPorarjft 

Vhole lorsnum hcor- 

F..to ar mtu.fty 

. 197 1 

hoD-lrliqat.tl sorqhun on 

gM!.tL l itensitt lr-21 

l9E' t9& ItaT 

r.o2 

" flll:i'f;S"fri ft* 6 bna inl.mmo in . 6i'n dird lknitic!- 

2. O&.*erenor an.tFed beclce ot hignly vsiabtc pop(r.ron. 

3. ,xEREddid 

ôt axtst;n 19s5. 

3.0 

0.3 

3.0 

{.3 

5.0 

1.3 cill

: 198 : 

lalle {.?.3. Effect ot non-trrigated sorglun on c.naly qri

199 : 

T.bL 4.t.9. EfE€cr o! nor-lrfisared so.ghus on yetlo{ E{eet 

c1ov6! (!q!L!Eggg pdvltro!.t d6n.trr t.-2t ln !h6 

p!6.erc. o! vh6.t. 

198-' l136 1937 

cdtrol (No $rshum) o.r: t.s ct 11.3 d 

Sdtltm imrporlrio 

.r - p,c-flo;;;r;; 5.3 bc lt.r d 

So!Ehum uproor.d 

Sdthuh root! in@rP.r.rlon 

.. naruriry 

sorEhum root5 + 

!r.h idco.Dor. on 

5o.8hun roor! i 

!..vci inco.po..ri6 

Ihol. 5r!h!m ire- 

Por.lo At hlturhy 

2.0 3.3 d€ 8?,3 b 

8.8 .b 11?,0. 

1.0 7.3 abc 46.1 . 

4.3 5.1 cit ?3.0 b 

0.t 9.5 . 85.0 b 

" 3I :1.-g-"! TL'rybs a |Gnd 

nly d 

ir 

5 ffiho n r 

p.oDabuty @rnn ddr6 

t 

.Lnific._ 

v.t (ornR T€r), 

2. D4.w.d mlys.d hea4 of hiSnry v*i.br. !.p(brsl' onry rhe E.ns

2AOr 

4.7. 1.7. Piaperner G!CSg!]! arue,sis) 

No AraAauis Ftant vas recolded in 19aj in sny ot the 

t.eatnents, holever, a fa llants sere nottc€i! in 19A5 ard Its 

polulation also .eoalned to! rn 19BZ (Tabte 4.2.2). SolghM 

roots or rtrole sorghunshoved letatlvely hiSher ve€d nDber. 

4.7.l. a. cana!y grass (prEt€r.is q!!9!) 

Pha1a.1s did noi exist In 19e5. A fe{ plaljjs alleared 

ln 1986 probabty by caDal yate. ard 1ts declry also .enatned 

lw 1n au the treatnenrs in 19sZ (Tal)le 4.?,s). Hovever, 

Phalarts erovth in control {as nore Xhan nG! sorghuD tr€atDents 

indicatlns sup!.ess1ve arletopathlc eftect on this noxiow 

ueed (vlsuar obseeatror). 

4.7. f.9, Yellov sre.t ctove! (!.etrlg!$ oafllfrora) 

De6itv or u. perg:llg&. proFregsivery irc.eased ylth 

ihcorpoldtion of stressed sorshun (rabk 4.?,9). A leu prants 

(O.l to 4.O) ol sveet cl@e. sere notlcen du!,l,s 1965, th6 

populatlon renslned generarly loy (2 to 9) durilg t9S5 but 

reletlvety bigher nuber of ltants (11 to 117) uas obseryed .1! 

i9a7 rlth signlfjcantly hlgher sueet clove, densil,y ln all the 

sorghun treatneli:s except sorlhun at lre-tlov{tns than th.t ol 

control irdicatiig prorotive ettect of sDrg!@ on rht6 veed. 

Hignest leed !bbe! ve6 tourd ih sorghw.oots whtte retatlvely 

lover yeed deNlty eas noted {11,h so.gbb roors + steh incorpor€_ 

tlon at nEtu.lty du.irg 19A7.

2 201 | 

10. lotei veed Lesh tlonass 

Ihls i6 evldebt fron the data (rabb 4.7,10) th3t totar 

yeeli fr'esh yeight in flheat ,as either gra1e. or lmalned equal 

vlth contlol in €11 the soxghun treatEents du.lna 19€5 and 

1947 except rith sorgh@ at pre-florerfng in 19a? vhich 

suppressed lotai veed r:.esh blooass. Ircdporatton ot sorghu 

roots produced hi8he. veed tresb na€s i, 19e6 and 19eZ and vas 

naxiDuo 1985. ligher {eed tlesh reight vs ako recodeit wlth 

ulrootlha ot sdah@, inc..loration ot so€hm ro.ts I leaves 

nnd vhole sorAhun ln 19a7 hcreaEed f!e6h welght 1n these 

t.catnents ras oost p.obably due to sttftlated 8ro,th of 

Meltlotus, l{eed tresh ieight vas not rec@.ted durlng 19a5. 

4,7.1,1 1. Igtai veed drv ve.tEht 

vee.t dry ,ejght ras cnElderabty 1@ in al1 the tleatients 

1n 1985 (labIe 4.?,11) anyho!, retativety highe. ,eed dly veieht 

,as noticed {ith lncorporation of so.ehub root6 lrotrabty due to 

enhanced gror.th ot t4elilotns, In 199/ cftparatlvety greater itry 

natter accumulatlon was re.olded, in uplooted sorAhun and 

nldrun dry nass xith jncorporation of sorghrm at pi+fto{erlig. 

subtr.ctira the dry seishr of U. telSLglglg, th6 dly ueisht of 

othe. {eeds in sorahun treatnents except u!.oo!eq solAhun uaE 

coBide.alily ledqc.d as c6p$ed to controt *hich jnticat. ttbt 

au the sdghuD treatments exceFt so.ghu at pfe_floiering 

enhanced srolrh and dry satte! accunulatron or !. .pelyllLglg, 

4,7. r,12. Ceminatlon of ,beat 

Cernlnation of lheat vas 

of non-lr.tgated sorgbuo r.oLs + 

thhiblted by incorporation 

steo o| Phole sordbm at

t2O2r 

T&h 4.7.10. Elf6ct ot non-1llisated 6o!9hu6 on total seed 

fr.sh bto@s3 (9 D-2t tn th. Pre.€nce ol {h.at. 

Control (No erShun) 

SorthM imrF .ti6 

Sor!num up.oor.d 

Sathm @l3 iNrpc 

r.rbn 3l maturlit 

sorShun .oorr + 

r!.m rncorpor.tion 

Sor6hum root! ] 

lc.v.3 incorPo.aiio 

vhol. sthlm i@F 

p{.frd .i mrurio 

1986 ItET 

26.3 cl 

58.3 b 

89.3 | 210.1 a 

. 6l6n diltd ligniaie-

t 20) l 

rabl. 4.7.11. Ell€ct oE non-!fflgated 6otgbum o! tbtal {eed 

ally ,€Lght (q '21 ln the P!4ence of thea!' 

, ,2 

| 6?.6 ) 

(1?0.5) 

. t55,91 

(35.3) 

(a?,l) 

I 6 t9cl 

t49.3) 

(50.5 ) 

129.2) 

30.5 

| 14.3) 

a5.7 

(30.1) 

(0. 5 ) 

!e!gjll9!g orhert 

(25.3) 

32.1 a 

t2t5-21 

(2t5.5) 

t7s.3) 

!1.2 a 

(25?.0) 

1114.21 

| 57.5l 

l5 .3 t ' 

t5 -2 

{ rr 2.9) 

I 'I5.2) 

t49.2) 

10.2 

{ 61. r) 

I - Any rvo n.a^! nor !h!rl.!. l. .r ln comnon ln. olumn djff.r ignifica 

.dy a! ,96 p.ob.liliiy l.v.l (DMR T.nI 

2. Fisu!€s 91ve,i !n parenlheEiE shord pelcent de.lease o! 

inclease In weed dly {elght ov.! control 

Contrrbutror of n. p.rvlflo!! to total we€d dly natt€t 

accumur,tlon ouln-m-lf!':-

.2Ut, 

natD.ity i)ld na':inu sulpesslon in ge!nlhetion vas notice

T.hL a.7.12. Bff€ct of 

of {heat 

cmtrcl (No F8nud 

sor8tum i@rFhriq 

sorEhum uproorcd 

SdBhun 16l! ln6$or.rroh 

at h.rurrry 

Sorgh!h rootr I 

rreh incorPo.ation 

Sorahum rootr + 

lear6 incorDo.atio 

thol. $rghun in@rporarlon 

ar marurht 

Ant tyo n.G Er 3lEint 

nuY at ,e6 probability l.v.l (DMR T.st). 

roD-ir!1gat€d sorghu on gernj,mtlon 

1936 t7a? 

157.0 d 

196.? bc 

35 7.7 b 205.0 b 

. 6|nn diffq rlEnitic.-

Conkol (No so.8hum) 

SorShun inoryor.ri.n 

so.Enun up.oored 

so.d@ @ts i|wDo- 

.!iron .t m.ruriry 

5orBhum .oo!s r 

3t.fr incorPor:tion 

So.ahnm .oor. + 

l..vcs iocorpo.ation 

vhole lor8huh ircoF 

Po..u6 .t mn.ity 

|205r 

Eff.ct of rcn-lliigated sorgh@ on prant height 

^nY rwo mc.G rcr .h.rlnr 

nlry at ,% p.o6.!ihy bv.i (DltR l6t), 

1986 tt87 

82.1 d 

54.5 b 

55.8 b 

a @lunn ditte. slSnitia-

2O7r 

T.!lc 4.7 .1,!- Effect o! non-ltrlg.tea .orghu on nurba o! 

fe!!116 till.lr rn 'r - 

c6rd (No $.st{n) 

Sd8tum iro+o6lion 

ar p.e-rlowerinS 

So.thrm uproor.d 

Sdthe roots in@rporarron 

ar marsrity 

sorghun roor. i 

sich incorPo.at|.a 

Sorahun roots + 

lc.v.! in.orpor.ti6 

vhol. $rlhum ircd- 

Pc.nq .t mruriry 

^1r t.o N4 M shrim a 

c.dry .r 196 Fob.bithy t.iel 

n3 = non-s!9niflc.nt 

t98t t986 198/ 

t97.0 

t92.0 

160,7 

t33.7 

448.3b1300.?a 

290.0, 

415.0 c 301.0 a 

268.0 b 

319.7 !t?,3. 

249.1 b 

n dall.r .isdri-

.2OAr 

lertlr€ tiUers vhile uplootinA of so.ghuo at tutu!1ty decreased 

it. In 1947, tie nunbe. of tertlle tllte.s {as reiuced {lth 

tncorpoiatlon of solghun .oots o. vhole sorgh@ at naturity, 

hovder, other treatnents showed no eJtect. 

4.2. r.r' . !!ts&el_-9!_-:r1!9l9! !E!9 

sllke1et nunbe. vss supplessed (Table 4.7.15) duling 

1945 and 1987, in all the sorghuo treatoe.ts excelt sorghuD 

loots du!1ng 1947. SlSntflcantly lesB spikelets ler splke vere 

notlced {ith vhole sorahuo durtng 1987 follded by sorghun 

roots + sten. Incorporatlon of .on-lrrkated Bo.ghun at Feflo|ertng 

also sulFessed spikelet nu'ba rhich is opposlte 

to lrrieated sorghu, Houever, the splkelet Mber Bho ed no 

.espoDse to any of ihe tf,eatDeits in 196, a siDifar obsefratlon 

{as noted \{1th trrieated sorghm (Tabte 4.r.15). 

4,7.1.16. Xlnber of Eraic pea slike 

Ircorporatlon of non-1rlgatd sorghw.oots + steh 

o. uprootlrg of solghh at meturtty auppressed gr61n runber 

durtrs th.ee years of the study (TaUe 4.7,15). lncrporatlon 

of s@ghu roots at naturity shoved no-slgnlficant eftect in 

aU the year5. The eftects of othe. t eatlents sere nol, coEistabr 

aFong the exper.lnental yea.s, h@wer, {hole sorghun at nsturlty 

ard sorghun lnco.poration at pre-flouerina stage considelab1y 

reduced gr61n nwbe. durrne 1w ard 19e7.lhe ellect of nonirlleated 

sorshun on eraln nsb€r at pre-lld{ering vas dlfferent 

than obseflod ln trrlgated Borghuo.

t209. 

Tr!1. 4.?.15. Eff€ct of non-t!!19.!.d .orEhun o! nunber o! 

sPik€l€!6 Pe! ePiX€. 

corol (No 3ddm) 

salhh iEpd.tion 

at P..-flowcrinS 

So.ghum oproot.d 

Scghlh r@t ln@pG 

ra(on at n.ru.ily 

sorghum roors + 

rt.m inco.Dorrtion 

so r Shun roors + 

1..v.. ircorpo..rld 

thol. o6tum ind- 

P.6r'o al DlEity 

' liil:i!,fi*"f'l'X",:ff 

B :M ri8nifiqt 

l98t t986 t987 

16.a.1 t3,6n6 1G.3. 

l'I.a b 13-3 1r.9 d€ 

13,? bc L2.6 12.9 cd 

14.3 b 13.5 16.t ab 

L2.2 c 11.7 10.9 € 

13.6 bc ll.3 l{.1 bc 

3.5 f 

mndilte*i€ni'r'a'

2 210 | 

a. ?,16 - Eff.ct ol &n-lrrigat.d 

Cor.ol (No $rEhunJ 

sdShum incorporaton 

SorShum !p.oor.d 

sorthum r@rs incorpof.rlon 

.t matorlty 

SorShun rootr I 

sr.m In.o.Porition 

5o.8h"n .oot5 1 

r..v.r inco.tohrto 

vhol. e.thum in.o.pdar6 

at marwiry 

9!a1ns P.r 8Plke. 

l. Any tro neG mt rh.rin. a 

6ny { ,$ Fob.bitirt t iel 

31.0.b 

29.1 b 

11,5 rb 

sorghunon nunber ol 

t9a, 

2?,3 b 23.3 b 

24.1 b 

in. elum. difi* ii8nilF

| 211 : 

4.7. f . 17. looo-srai! {elaht 

crain velght sas not affected by any of the treatnents 

durlns 1985 and 1987 (lable 4.7.17,, ho\tever, \n 19€6, 

slA.iflcantty heavier arat6 ,ere ploduced viih lncolpolation 

of non-ilrigated sorghuD at ple-floverib8 fotloved by sorghuD 

uproothg, sorghu root6 aid rhole Borghu incoiporation at 

naturity aa cdpared to contlot. In 8en€rat gratn reight, 

araduauy decreased we! tlne sinilar obseflatlon {as 

recoded 1n irrleated sdahun (rabte 4.5.17). 

4.7.1.14, r'rheat st.alv vleld 

Strav y1e1d of vhe6t eas r€

{.7.1,?. aflel of non-irrig.t.d .orEhur on IOOO-q!.in 

€lght (sl. 

Control (No srShuh) 

saduh i@paarion 

So.Shum uproot.d 

sorthuh .@t3 l.dF 

rrtron ar m.turity 

5orghuD roois + 

st.m !.corPoration 

5orghum roots + 

l..rca incorporatim 

ryhole rghum i|@por.trm 

at natuiry 

t. Any lvo nEs Ft dErim 

n.ly a! ,rb For,.bilirr t.Ei 

198' 1986 

14.2 

45,5 

36.9 b 

3S.8 

16.9 

,l{.5 35. t 

4 6.7 36.0 

44.3 

{5.8 

J6. a 

35.4 

in . colud ditt r !i8.iticr-

l.6le a.?-la. #!ect of non-1!!iq.ted sorghun on ohea! atras 

yl,e1d lq ha-r). 

Cerd (No $r8hum) 

5orghu6 incorpor.rion 

at Pr.-f low.ring 

SorBh!m uprooied 

Sdghuh roots ltrcorporarlon 

at n.turity 

Sorahun rootr + 

3r€o lnco.por:rion 

So.8h!m roois + 

l.av$ inco.por.rim 

Vholc dgh(n in@r- 

Po.arq at mrwiit 

t. 

l9!, Ita5 t9a1 

51.5 ax 

ît r{o m.s nor isrinr . 

.drl, ar t$ p.obabithy teiel (DMR T6t). 

53.1 b 

69.1 a 

53.5 b 

13. I it 

ln a @l@n dilf.r ii8nitF

Cd&d (No sor8hlm) 

Sorghum inco.poration 

Sorghum up.oorcd 

Ssghum .@$ incorpot.rion 

.t hnrurity 

SorShum roo i3 + 

srcn rncorpo.arron 

Sorghum roots + 

lcaves jncorporarjon 

Vholc erShlm incorpsarion 

at mrurirt 

Effect of non-itligated sorghun on rheat 

glain yield lq ha-rl. 

193' 

123,r3t2 

t 31.29 ) 

30.35 d 

135.2s ) 

{ 43.06) 

{ 19.49 ) 

( 1?.5t ) 

{21,43) 

t-) 

t9t7 

t36.62t 

(28.60 ) 

t 46.7? I 

3 !.71 d 

(29.35t t 25.151 

t29.331 

L Any r*d mlatu nor sharinB a letter in common jn a column djller sitnifi_ 

canrli.t 

2. 

Fiqu.es giv€n in parentheEis shd pelcerlt declease

21r. 

to oortro.r (Table 4.5.19). An olrher difre.erce noUed o.t!e.D r,he 

effec) oi: irrigated dd non-ir.i851!-l sn!€hun sas tl.t ir irriEated 

sofghun avcrase vh..t g.alh yield r etroor-Ass iv el y decrebsed in tire 

years ot erperuentation {b=reas uith non-iri86tcd sorghum 

lveras€ vhedt sraln yield duriqj 1986 ra5 hieher than the yield 

in 1945. Hov,eve., the reduction in €rein./i.ld In 1987 va. 

nor. than J tjnes oi the lrecotiig year. Tbis reduction Fas 

natnly Cue to severe vate. strcss c.u.ed by untjnely conal 

. fccal densitr' anC Erorth 

Thr density, lresh dnd dry uetghts of reeds vere 

considerat'ly 14 tn {hest as cmpared to rheat lree plots urder 

all the non-irilgdted sorAhun treatnents (Table 4,2.1, 4.2.10 a.d 

n.7.11), s.ihilar trerd {as obser\.ed {ith lrriAeied so.ghun. fha 

effccts of varias treatment. of noD-1rligat€d sorehum vere lot 

conslstlnt dcr\r the yea:s, h@cver, vo.d dereity, trcsh anl dry 

ve16ht vss Areater vii;h lncorlo.ation of sorahum roots at natulity, 

leeC opulation (except clperu.) vas p.cmoted in thls treatneht 

possibly lecause of less qlentlty of allelochenlcs vhile hlgher 

,eed dry nalter sccunufatirn las nost lronabty dle to ln.reased 

l,4e1i1otus g.o{th. Ih cont.or(no sorehm, the cro! suppresse\j 

weed populstion duo to relatively d.nse cro! stahd (lurvis g g_I., 

19ar), {hlch resllted 1n lorer tresh ard itry veight of {eeds, 

Suppres.iob in vccd delslty.ht grovth w1th jncolporatlon 

of elrcta srghun o. so4ghu roots + stcn at @tlrity u6s 

possilrly hccause oI higher quantity of attelochenic6.

Th€ eftect of n.n-ir.lgated s..ghun at p.e-flove.lng ,3s 

tnconsistanl hrt g.ncrally dlrfer..t th3n irrigated 5o.ghun 

at t.€-flove.ing, Inteiestirgly, non-inieated sorghun at 

pre-f1o{er1ng did not prmote ltelilotus de.sttt or. gr@th 

!h11e lr.lgated Bolghun at lre-tloreljng pronoted its dersity 

ald gi4th vhich is dllficurt to explqin, 

i.rlgated sorehun at pre-floeering shored retatively nd€ sulpression 

1n {eed lopulation 6nd erovth (ulth the excellion in 19€6) 

than itrlgated so.ehum possibly due to highe! allelochenic 

contehts uhde. oate! stressed solshum (Rlce, 1984). A sirilar 

eftect vith this t.eatnent ras noticed in tha absence of crop 

(rable 4.6.1 1) . 

selective aUelopathic eflects of non-lrrigated 

so.ghun on lndividual veed slecies vere also obseryed. The 

denstty ard dry @tte. productlon of !, !94ill9lg ras 

steniflcantly increased ulth non-irrigared so,gh@ (Taltes 

4,7.2 anA 4.7,11). The sahe etfect vas lecolded ,ith iJrieated 

sorghun uith o. vithout rhe6t confit.ning that cuttivet.ion of 

sorghum and thcorpolation of its resjdues stlnulatdthe Ar@th 

of l{. pdvlflora urder fl€td cor!1t1oE. . The lrmotlon oJ 

sveet clder was most lronably by attetolathlc substances in 

5o.ghun, the s!ec1t1c substahce(s) a.e to be identlfied. 

Non-lrrigated sdghuh sieniijcaDtly inhibited the 

deElty of C. rotlndus. The etfect ot no!-illlgated sorehun 

on Ctlerus Nas relatlvery nde thab thar of if.lsate

(Tabtes 4.7.1 ard 4.5.1), ltater stress Alven to sor8hun ni€ht 

have slrppressed c,?erus by causing depl.tton of reseded lodl 

naterlals 1n its foot tubers. cultlvation of solghue in 

b6!6ni are6s (lainJed ereas rith 1ov ralnlatl) nay be elfectlve 

ih r€ductng lopulation of this eeed. 

rhe denslty of !. !9_1le4jl, & dentstus ad g, 4q4s 

vas gen4rauy stirutated vith non-.|lrieated sorghun roor5 

incorporatlon or uprooted sorghun at naturity probably .lue ro 

lover €bounts oi allelocbemlcs in these treatnents, This 

stlmulatjon nay sede to tltgge! nsulcldaln sermination ths 

llniting their poputation (Anonyoous, 198r). rihereas lncorlo.atlo. 

of utLole sorghum or sorghun roots + sten e.tther leduced 

their deGity or kept equal vlth control. In these treetnents 

slp!!.Asslon was !oss1b1y due to the release ot allelochenlcs 

h .eLtlve1y hlghd 6bouts. 

the density of g. glLu was 1@ durjDs j985, increased 

in 1946 and then decreased in jgAZ indtcatiltg a hioregutat@y 

etfect of sorghum. Uprooted sor8huh !.ooot,€d the dens.lty of 

9. -9]+gS,i" 1986, h@eve!, the srorrh otc. atbM uas sullressed 

th all the sor.ghu tleatnents. Reductlor .tn c. €1b@ deslty 

and srowth uith c!o! residues have been r€ported by Vdsh@ 

(1934t. The densil.y of A, arvects re@l.ed Aene.slly lov, but 

some stlnulstion In deNity vas noted ulrb cerrain sorghu 

treatnents, hovev€r, lts gr@th realned stuni€d unde. sorghw 

heatnents (visual obsenatioh). The density oi !.

:214: 

extrenc Ly tow in a1] the treatments. phala.is d1d not exist th 

ftst yed of the stldy but 1n subsequent yeds .fey plants of 

Pholar,ls !e.e no'iiced In all plots !.obably phslaris va6 

iniroduced throlgh canal uater. Setective suppressive or 

Fr'motive effects ol crop iesidues on ueeds ve.e denonstlate

t219. 

ir, 1986 lDt vas coBlderably suppressed in 1945 ard 1947 ubcer 

this treatneht (Taole 4-7.1A). The effects of various ireatm.hts 

on grain yield also variEd anong the years oa study but all the 

non-irrlgated sofghun treatnents lroduced 1o@r rheat erain yicid 

as conpared to control in all the y.ars (16b1e 4.7.19). Reduction 

ln rheat giau yield in non-irriaated so.ghun treatnents during 

three years of the study rarded 8.99 to 46.77 lelcent Df the 

control. In t.rigated sorehur,heat grald y1.ld vas elthe. 

!rmoted or suppressed, its lncorlordtio. at pre-ilolerltg 

stage or incorporatlon ot roots at heturlty in€eased grain 

yield over cont.ol hy 6-4, 12.1, 11.4 ard 5.1 pelcent lespectj- 

ve1y, except 194r, *hen the6e treathents re

not leduce grain yletd rathe! had sooe prqotrve ertect (rabk 

4,5.19). Arbett the ettecxs of non_trrieated so.ehur treatftcnts 

excepl (at pre-ftore.lie) on veeds (except cy!e!us) a.rt kheat 

uerc Seherally 1ess than thst of jrrkated Eo.ghuor vhicb could 

be att.itnten to loue. quantity oi Don_r.rgaiat sorAhun ard 

nence less atlelochonlc conteDts yet the 

rowe! than contror ,".., ".*r.";;r;:;J:,";*""r: :: 

eacr experihenrat yesr. The resutts of tnrs studv lndlcate

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