EFFECT OF VITAMINS C AND E INTAKE ON BLOOD ... - EuroJournals

European Journal of Social Sciences - Volume 2, Number 1 (2006)
income tax and corporate income tax); taxes for economic stabilisation (such as import
duties) should also be centralised; taxes in mobile factors of production (e.g. gain taxes)
should be centralised; residence-based taxes (e.g. sales/excise and retail taxes) can be
decentralised; benefit taxes/user charges are usually assigned to the level of government
that provides the service (such as toll gate levies, hospital and education fees, motor
licences, etc); taxes on immobile factors of production such as land and buildings are
assigned to local governments (e.g. property taxes); and lastly taxes on natural resources
should be assigned to the central government, for the sake of administrative efficiency
and uniform practice since the major projects in this field often involve big multinational
corporations. (Musgrave, 1959; Shah, 1991 and Vincent, 2002:20). This pattern of
assignment is today a subject of controversy.
In assigning revenue-raising responsibilities, it is important to distinguish
between those revenue powers which can be exercised by one level of government and
the revenue which accrue to that level of government alone (i.e. independent revenue)
and those exercisable by a level of government, but whose revenues accrue to that level
of government as well as others. The latter refers to those revenues that are shared among
the three tiers of government and these make up the federation account. Tables 1 and 2
are explicit on these.
The independent revenue sources of the federal government are as listed on Table
3 (a). The retained revenue of the federal government includes what accrues from the
independent/internal sources plus the share of federation account, share of VAT
proceeds, share of AFEM account, share of privatisation proceeds, share of reserve
account, share of GSM proceeds, custom levies, share of fertilizer subsidy/proceeds,
PSTF revenue, capital transfers, loan recovery from states, and first charges (e.g.
JVC/NNPC priority project, National priority project, external debt service fund and
special fund) (CBN, 2003). The independent/internal revenue sources of states are also
as stated on Table 3 (b). The retained revenue of the state government include what
accrues from the independent sources, share of federation account, share of VAT
proceeds, Receipts from stabilisation fund, and Grant and others (CBN, 2003).
The independent/internal revenue sources of the local government are also as presented
on Table 3 (c). The retained revenue of the tier include what accrues from the internal
sources, share of federation account, share of VAT proceeds, receipt from stabilisation
fund and general ecology, share of 10 percent of state’s internally generated revenue and
Grant and Others.
Intergovernment fiscal transfers
This is another important issue in intergovernmental fiscal relations. Intergovernmental
transfers, or simply revenue allocation/distribution among the tiers of government, occur
at two levels: vertical and horizontal. The sharing among the different tiers of
government is said to be vertical. The sharing, on the other hand, among thes component
units of each lower tier of government is said to be horizontal. The former is normally
based on approved rate (in percentages) while the latter is based on approved principles,
also expressed in percentages. Several issues have been raised about such transfers
especially with respect to the acceptable formula for their distribution, adequacy of
revenue for the tiers of government and over-dependence of the two lower tiers of
government on such revenue.
The principles which guide inter-governmental transfers, according to Aigbokhan
(1999:339), include fiscal imbalance (or fiscal gap); stabilisation objectives;
redistributive role of the public sector which would sometimes require the central
government to redress regional disparity; preservation of internal common market, which
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