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European Journal of Social Sciences - Volume 2, Number 1 (2006) [22] Skinner, B.F. 1938. The Behaviour of Organism: An Experimental Analysis. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts. [23] Sorenson, Herbert. 1938. Adult Abilities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [24] Thorndike, Edward L. 1928. Adult Learning. New York: Macmillan. [25] Thorndike, Edward L. 1935. Adult Interests. New York: Macmillan. [26] Tough, Allen. 1971. The Adult’s Learning Project Toronto: Ontario Institute For Studies in Education. 46
European Journal of Social Sciences - Volume 2, Number 1 (2006) Local Government and Fiscal Stress in Contemporary Nigeria: An Examination Ayo A. Adesopo Department of Public Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Abstract Local government system is known worldwide to be an agent of development. It has failed in this wise due to a number of inadequacies. This study investigated into the causes of such failures, with particular reference to fiscal stress resulting mainly from restricted revenue-raising and revenue-sharing powers as well as others classified under socio-political and structural problems. The socio-political and structural problems were said to be traceable to the nature of intergovernmental fiscal relationship existing among the three tiers of government making up the Nigerian Federation. The study also identified two major effects of fiscal stress and these are: first, limited capacity of the local governments to meet the increasing scope, scale and standard of constitutionally assigned roles; and second the autonomy that is implicit in the idea of a third tier of government is undermined. It therefore made a number of recommendations that would enable the level of government achieve and sustain its functional but relative autonomy. Local government development profile in nigeria Local government has always been of importance in the political terrain of Nigeria. This has led to its reformation or restructuring several times in the history of Nigeria. Before the 1950s, the colonial government was using indirect rule to administer the grassroots. It was through the Native Authorities (NAs) then operating under the District Officer (DO) with the Cooperation of Traditional Rulers. Funds were being raised mainly through taxation collected by the NAs which retained a part for the maintenance of their services. Budgets were prepared then under the guidance of the DO and approved by government. Such an arrangement received stiff opposition especially from Southern Nigeria in early 1950s. This led to the replacement of native administration with the Local Council Ordinance. The western region followed with the Local Council Law of 1952 while the Northern region passed a corresponding law in 1954. Local Council Service Boards (LCSB) were created in Southern parts in 1955 to regulate the powers of the local authorities on appointment of employees. In the North, appointments were on the approval of the appropriate regional minister of government. In 1960, the laws were amended in line with regional experiences and dictates of the time. Ministry of Local Council was later created to strengthen inspection of finance and personnel. When the military took over power in 1966, local administration system was abolished via Decree 34, further eroding the autonomy and power of local government councils (Guardian, August 7, 2003:9). Of importance to us here was the reduced roles for states and local 47
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