EFFECT OF VITAMINS C AND E INTAKE ON BLOOD ... - EuroJournals

European Journal of Social Sciences - Volume 2, Number 1 (2006)
International Co-Operation As A Necessary Condition of
Successful Counter-Terrorism
Christos Floros
5 Androu str., Polydroso,
152 33, Halanri, Athens, Greece
E-mail: christosfloros@hotmail.com
John Mylonakis
10 Nikiforou str., Glyfada
166 75, Athens, Greece
E-mail: imylonakis@panafonet.gr
Abstract
By evaluating counter-terrorist approaches a framework in which counter-terrorism has to
work in order to be successful is formulated and conclusions regarding international
counter-terrorism methods are offered. In that way, and by applying these findings to
global patterns of counter-terrorism, further conclusions and ways of action regarding
successful international counter-terrorist co-operation are identified. Defining terrorism is
important because offers the framework in which counter-terrorism has to work effectively.
The analysis of the different theoretical approaches on counter-terrorism patterns has a dual
purpose: one the one hand, it will be important in our understanding of combating
terrorism. On the other hand, it will apply theory to practice in the sense that it will allow
us to evaluate modern counter-terrorism operations. Consequently, conclusions regarding
international counter-terrorism methods will be offered.
Key words: Terrorism, International Cooperation, Counter-terrorist agencies
1. Political terrorism and counter-terrorism
A definition of terrorism in academic terms has not proved to be an easy task. One reason for that is
that terrorism often creates controversy by its very nature: is it a political act? Is it a social
phenomenon? Is it a strategy or an ideology? What acts can be defined as terrorist? Questions as such
often lead to answers in the form of definitions that neglect certain aspects of terrorism; that is the
reason why a universally accepted definition of terrorism has yet to be produced. The difficulty
academics face in defining terrorism is the result of the vast range of violent acts that can be labelled
‘terrorist’. In addition, even amongst academia there are conflicting views on the characteristic
elements of terrorism. For example, William McGurn’s definition of terrorism excludes the threat of
use of force as a necessary element of terrorist activity, a view different from Hoffman’s (McGurn,
1987, p. 7-14). Peter Sproat, on the other hand, suggests that the state can act as terrorist, in the event
when a political regime takes action against its citizens, and that he argues, must be also defined as
terrorism (Sproat, 1991, pp. 19-30). An objective definition of terrorism has yet to be produced. Some
definitions tend to be extremely inclusive, while other may be extremely exclusive. Adaptation of a
definition is, therefore, related to the specific angles (academic, political or counter-terrorism) from
which terrorism is often examined.
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