Download (12MB) - University of Salford Institutional Repository
Download (12MB) - University of Salford Institutional Repository Download (12MB) - University of Salford Institutional Repository
viewers towards a state of psychological abandon as regards time. This narrative strand depicts the splendour of sunsets and dawns in the desert in such a way that a timeless experience is created, fused with an allegorical impression of an original, unadulterated, terrestrial existence. Apart from the extensive use of long shots, the underlying aesthetic in these sequences is related to the construction of lyrical forms; drawing on Grodal's research, two lyrical elements can be identified: light and rhythmic phenomena. Grodal explains that when light is deployed to draw attention to itself, the evaluation of a film's reality status and its temporal status is affected because the reality of the diegesis dissolves and the viewing experience becomes more achronic (Grodal, 1997: 153). The spectacular light of the sunsets and dawns on the desert's red sand removes corporeality from life forms - such as humans and camels - within this landscape; in the intense daylight, they seem made of paper, and at night, their movements resemble a theatre of shadows. The result is that these images elicit pure contemplation from the film's viewers, a form of engagement that cancels the temporal and the spatial dimensions of the sequences. On the impact of light upon viewers, Storaro affirms: Light is a physical thing. It enters the eye, and therefore the brains of the people who are looking at it. The wavelengths of the various tones impart particular psychological signals, which the audience absorbs. It alters their blood pressure, their metabolism, their physical input. It is my work to tell the story of the script, in this case the story of Port and Kit, carefully employing my understanding of these principles, while writing with the light (Storaro, 1990: 88). Grodal suggests that rhythmic phenomena also have lyrical potential; rhythm within films - whether in the form of beats on a soundtrack, montage patterns, or camera movement - is connected with the 'autonomic processes of the body\ The abovementioned techniques are most important for 'representing a non-telic, non-object directed activity', (Grodal, 1997: 153) because they can change how time is perceived, hi The Sheltering Sky, rhythm is created by camera movement reproducing the swaying motion of the camels during the Tuareg journey. Given that the camera is also the viewers' perceptual outlet into the filmic space, the 250
camera's 'symbiotic fusion' with the camels is shared by them. Viewers are also closely aligned with Kit during the journey through repeated POV shots, and share her sense of abandon, becoming oblivious to the cultural world to which she belongs. Femininity and the destiny of female fulfilment To portray Kit's devastation at Port's death, especially after having reached a mutual understanding, Debra Winger portrays the character extremely passively - she never really speaks - to convey estrangement from her past life. Her intense sexual relationship with Belquassim is linked to the issue of identity, as its origins can be found in a concept that Bertolucci explored in Last Tango in Pans, with the addition that here the use of verbal language is erased altogether. By having Kit and Belquassim re-enact the sexual experience of Paul and Jeanne who also met in seclusion, ignorant of each other's identity, Bertolucci confirms his idea that only the annulment of memory, and consequently of one's own identity, can temporarily allow a fusion with the Other and a free joyful sexuality. Like Paul in the Paris apartment. Kit finds in this sensual seclusion a sort of limbo in which pressing questions disappear. Between the two films there is also some similarity in the mise-en-scene; Kit stands half undressed in a washtub while Belquassim playfully washes black paint off her, and this is reminiscent of Jeanne being sponged down by Paul. Nonetheless Kit's destiny is almost as sad as Port's, given that she must live with the impossibility of being happy. Kit rejects traditional concepts of matrimony, with its established passive female roles that lead to psychological frustration, a mode of being that also affects long term sensual gratification. She also refuses more modern, pragmatic ways of conducting relationships as typified by Tunner's perspective, because she knows the limitations of living purely for the moment. The pessimism implied by her situation emerges in Kit's admission that she is lost; it is an open ending that will find an attempted solution in 251
- Page 203 and 204: a narrative focus means that the de
- Page 205 and 206: Notes 1. They Live by Night (1948)
- Page 207 and 208: 1985: 73) should be contextualized
- Page 209 and 210: The film's cognitive structure and
- Page 211 and 212: daily life elicits nostalgia for a
- Page 213 and 214: that periodically distances viewers
- Page 215 and 216: followers), sensitive (she relates
- Page 217 and 218: part of the film depicting the peas
- Page 219 and 220: engagement will again change from e
- Page 221 and 222: leadership, which is arguably assum
- Page 223 and 224: References Bachmann, G. (1973) 'Eve
- Page 225 and 226: The success of The Last Emperor ena
- Page 227 and 228: L 'ultimo imperatore/The Last Emper
- Page 229 and 230: out; the red of a notice on the wal
- Page 231 and 232: The intellectual implications of th
- Page 233 and 234: the Forbidden City. This, combined
- Page 235 and 236: Japanese. His personality fits the
- Page 237 and 238: the belief that whereas language ma
- Page 239 and 240: In addition, the presence of a hist
- Page 241 and 242: (2009) is one recent, successful ex
- Page 243 and 244: Gaut, B. (1999) 'Identification and
- Page 245 and 246: working class people depicted in th
- Page 247 and 248: strengthening viewers' alignment wi
- Page 249 and 250: experience of being out of clock ti
- Page 251 and 252: where the contemplation of this inf
- Page 253: infinite. In his discussion of sour
- Page 257 and 258: criticism of contemporary Western i
- Page 259 and 260: is conveyed by Port's bleak awarene
- Page 261 and 262: Piccolo Buddha /Little Buddha: A Jo
- Page 263 and 264: concludes that all three children a
- Page 265 and 266: intensity created by stylized light
- Page 267 and 268: of a children's book, takes on a pr
- Page 269 and 270: Jesus throughout Siddhartha's progr
- Page 271 and 272: human feelings and desires. This in
- Page 273 and 274: diminishing because of Western soci
- Page 275 and 276: In all three films it is possible t
- Page 277 and 278: the film's dramatic pivot - appears
- Page 279 and 280: different stylistic registers as th
- Page 281 and 282: esolve it; and a predominantly unre
- Page 283 and 284: the two characters. The failure to
- Page 285 and 286: even understanding from viewers and
- Page 287 and 288: illusion. In search of new scandals
- Page 289 and 290: That this sequence was written, pro
- Page 291 and 292: of Caterina discovering Joe's drug
- Page 293 and 294: on different types of meat. The bar
- Page 295 and 296: was considered to be Bertolucci's r
- Page 297 and 298: Hope, W. (2006) Giuseppe Tornatore,
- Page 299 and 300: of their 'elder sisters'. In a broa
- Page 301 and 302: she slowly changes position. Both s
- Page 303 and 304: evolve (M. Smith, 1995: 84-85). The
viewers towards a state <strong>of</strong> psychological abandon as regards time. This narrative strand<br />
depicts the splendour <strong>of</strong> sunsets and dawns in the desert in such a way that a timeless<br />
experience is created, fused with an allegorical impression <strong>of</strong> an original, unadulterated,<br />
terrestrial existence. Apart from the extensive use <strong>of</strong> long shots, the underlying aesthetic in<br />
these sequences is related to the construction <strong>of</strong> lyrical forms; drawing on Grodal's research,<br />
two lyrical elements can be identified: light and rhythmic phenomena. Grodal explains that<br />
when light is deployed to draw attention to itself, the evaluation <strong>of</strong> a film's reality status and<br />
its temporal status is affected because the reality <strong>of</strong> the diegesis dissolves and the viewing<br />
experience becomes more achronic (Grodal, 1997: 153). The spectacular light <strong>of</strong> the sunsets<br />
and dawns on the desert's red sand removes corporeality from life forms - such as humans<br />
and camels - within this landscape; in the intense daylight, they seem made <strong>of</strong> paper, and at<br />
night, their movements resemble a theatre <strong>of</strong> shadows. The result is that these images elicit<br />
pure contemplation from the film's viewers, a form <strong>of</strong> engagement that cancels the temporal<br />
and the spatial dimensions <strong>of</strong> the sequences. On the impact <strong>of</strong> light upon viewers, Storaro<br />
affirms:<br />
Light is a physical thing. It enters the eye, and therefore the brains <strong>of</strong> the people who are looking at it.<br />
The wavelengths <strong>of</strong> the various tones impart particular psychological signals, which the audience<br />
absorbs. It alters their blood pressure, their metabolism, their physical input. It is my work to tell the<br />
story <strong>of</strong> the script, in this case the story <strong>of</strong> Port and Kit, carefully employing my understanding <strong>of</strong> these<br />
principles, while writing with the light (Storaro, 1990: 88).<br />
Grodal suggests that rhythmic phenomena also have lyrical potential; rhythm within<br />
films - whether in the form <strong>of</strong> beats on a soundtrack, montage patterns, or camera movement<br />
- is connected with the 'autonomic processes <strong>of</strong> the body\ The abovementioned techniques<br />
are most important for 'representing a non-telic, non-object directed activity', (Grodal, 1997:<br />
153) because they can change how time is perceived, hi The Sheltering Sky, rhythm is created<br />
by camera movement reproducing the swaying motion <strong>of</strong> the camels during the Tuareg<br />
journey. Given that the camera is also the viewers' perceptual outlet into the filmic space, the<br />
250