Qualitative_data_analysis

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9.1 Categorizing data—1 120 9.2 Categorizing data—2 121 9.3 Categorizing data—3 121 10.1 Levels of subclassification of the subcategory ‘suffering’ 145 10.2 Initial relationships between categories 149 10.3 Incorporating categories, and distinguishing more and less important 150 lines of analysis 10.4 Reassessing relationships between categories—1 150 10.5 Reassessing relationships between categories—2 153 10.6 Reassessing position of categories in analysis 153 10.7 Revising analysis with minimum disturbance 156 10.8 Comparing subcategories of ‘substance’ 157 10.9 Shifting the analytic emphasis 159 11.1 Single hyperlink between two bits of data stored separately 162 11.2 Multiple hyperlinks between bits of data stored separately 163 11.3 Linking dentists and patients 164 11.4 Observing the link ‘debunked by’ between databits 166 11.5 Linking and categorizing complement each other 167 11.6 Linking two databits 167 11.7 An explanatory link between two databits 169 11.8 Linking and categorizing two databits 169 11.9 Inferring an explanatory link between two databits 170 11.10 Explaining Mrs Sol Schwimmer’s litigation 172 11.11 Conditional and causal links in the tale of Kaufman and Tonnato 175 11.12 Connecting incongruous and cathartic humour 176 11.13 Linking data and connecting categories 176 12.1 The difference between associating and linking events 179 12.2 Association and linking as mutually related means of establishing 180 connections 12.3 Following a trail of links through the data 190 12.4 Two trails of links through the data 190 12.5 Following a trail of different links through the data 191 12.6 A ‘chain’ of causal links in the data 192 12.7 Retrieving chronological links in the Claire Memling story 193 12.8 Vincent’s explanations linked to chronology of events in the Claire 194 Memling story 13.1 Textual and diagrammatic displays of information 202 13.2 Map of relationship between two concepts 212 13.3 Map of complex relationships between four variables 212 13.4 The history of the universe through time 213 vii
viii 13.5 A small selection of symbols based on computer graphics 214 13.6 Differentiating concepts through different shapes and patterns 214 13.7 Incorporating detail by including subcategories 215 13.8 Adjusting for the empirical scope of categories 215 13.9 Mapping relationships for all cases 216 13.10 Comparing differences in scope through a bar chart 217 13.11 Using overlaps to indicate scale 217 13.12 Adjusting for scope in presenting classification scheme 218 13.13 Adjusting scope of most refined categories 219 13.14 Distinguishing exclusive and inclusive relationships 219 13.15 Making relationships between categories more explicit 220 13.16 Representing strength of different causal relationships 220 13.17 Comparing strength of relationships between categories 221 13.18 Integrating connections between categories 222 13.19 Representing reciprocal connections between categories 222 13.20 Identifying positive and negative categories 223 13.21 Representing concurrence between categories 224 13.22 Using space to represent time 226 14.1 Concurrence between categories 235 14.2 Two routes through the data, arriving at different results 240 15.1 The whole is greater than the sum of the parts—1 248 15.2 The whole is greater than the sum of the parts—2 249 15.3 Tree diagrams representing different analytic emphases 251 15.4 Tree diagrams indicating different analytic emphases 252 15.5 Different writing strategies—sequential and dialectical 257 15.6 Decision-making laid out in algorithmic form 260 15.7 Procedures for assigning categories in algorithmic form 261 15.8 The two aspects of generalization 270 16.1 Linear representation of analysis 272 16.2 Loop representation of analysis 272 16.3 Analysis as an iterative process 273 ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Different approaches to qualitative research 2 2.1 Structured and unstructured responses to the question ‘What are the 17 main advantages and disadvantages of closed questions in an interview?’ 2.2 Example of a grading and marking system 27 2.3 Grades with different mark bands 27
Page 2 and 3: Qualitative data analysis Learning
Page 4 and 5: First published 1993 by Routledge 1
Page 6 and 7: Glossary 283 References 285 Index 2
Page 10 and 11: 3.1 Personal ads 42 5.1 ‘The libr
Page 12 and 13: Preface A new book on qualitative d
Page 14 and 15: analyse humour from any number of p
Page 16 and 17: Q. What colour is snow? A. White. C
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTION 3 approaches, interest
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION 5 qualitative methods.
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION 7 First of all, I take
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION 9 the purposes of anal
Page 26 and 27: WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 11 distan
Page 28 and 29: WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 13 contem
Page 30 and 31: WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 15 ‘ric
Page 32 and 33: classified. Take the example in Ill
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2.1 Describing a bit of data
Page 36 and 37: WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 21 home;
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.4 Nominal variable with mu
Page 40 and 41: Figure 2.6 Interval variable with f
Page 42 and 43: ILLUSTRATION 2.2 EXAMPLE OF A GRADI
Page 44 and 45: WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 29 what a
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 3 What is qualitative analy
Page 48 and 49: Figure 3.2 Three aspects of descrip
Page 50 and 51: WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 35 co
Page 52 and 53: WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 37 en
Page 54 and 55: WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 39 Th
Page 56 and 57: CLASSIFICATION WHAT IS QUALITATIVE
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nature; photograph preferred but no
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 45 vi
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 47 Fi
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Figure 3.6 Formal and substantive c
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 51 ne
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 53 If
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Figure 3.10 Qualitative analysis as
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Chapter 4 Introducing computers ‘
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ecording of an index of information
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Figure 4.1 A link between text held
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Computer transformations • Search
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Chapter 5 Finding a focus A Zen sto
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FINDING A FOCUS 67 Sheila The solic
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FINDING A FOCUS 69 to reflect upon
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For example, here are some question
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Transposition: Doctor: ‘I’m afr
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Figure 5.2 Main themes for analysin
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Chapter 6 Managing data Piles of pa
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MANAGING DATA 79 setting, by source
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MANAGING DATA 81 Interviewer Maybe
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Figure 6.1 Case documents kept in a
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MANAGING DATA 85 ‘Show the full r
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Chapter 7 Reading and annotating Ac
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• Official/bureaucratic commitmen
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READING AND ANNOTATING 91 women wer
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Techniques for interactive reading
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we can write our comment on a separ
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Figure 7.1 Relating data to key the
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READING AND ANNOTATING 99 may retur
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CREATING CATEGORIES 101 types of ph
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CREATING CATEGORIES 103 conceptual
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CREATING CATEGORIES 105 Categorizat
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Table 8.1 Alternative category list
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This is only a starting point. Our
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CREATING CATEGORIES 111 undertaking
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Figure 8.2 Weighing up the degree o
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CREATING CATEGORIES 115 Although co
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CREATING CATEGORIES 117 for an adeq
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CREATING CATEGORIES 119 well as con
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Figure 9.2 Categorizing data—2 Fi
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are entitled to expect some consist
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ASSIGNING CATEGORIES 125 we ought t
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ASSIGNING CATEGORIES 127 the data.
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have annotated this data. Suppose w
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ASSIGNING CATEGORIES 131 suddenly t
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• What generally constitutes a
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Databits Categories 5. Now she is u
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Chapter 10 Splitting and splicing T
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Using Hypertext linking, whenever n
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SPLITTING AND SPLICING 141 databits
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Category Subcategories Suffering Di
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Figure 10.1 Levels of subclassifica
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ILLUSTRATION 10.5 SUBDIVIDING DATAB
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Figure 10.2 Initial relationships b
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If we want to make this change, it
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Figure 10.5 Reassessing relationshi
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SPLITTING AND SPLICING 155 Although
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Figure 10.8 Comparing subcategories
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Figure 10.9 Shifting the analytic e
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Chapter 11 Linking data Categorizin
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Figure 11.2 Multiple hyperlinks bet
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example, we may ask what it is abou
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Figure 11.5 Linking and categorizin
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Figure 11.7 An explanatory link bet
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Table 11.2 Multiple links between d
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our reasons for making decisions an
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Figure 11.11 Conditional and causal
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Chapter 12 Making connections Imagi
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Figure 12.1 The difference between
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Table 12.1 Concurrence between cate
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Table 12.4 Boolean operators for ca
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From Table 12.6 we can tell that mo
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Notice how this cross-tabulation co
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substantive connections between cat
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Figure 12.5 Following a trail of di
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Figure 12.7 Retrieving chronologica
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This approach is very exploratory,
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MAKING CONNECTIONS 197 Table 12.10
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MAKING CONNECTIONS 199 a consequenc
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Chapter 13 Of maps and matrices A n
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Table 13.1 Comparing information ac
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OF MAPS AND MATRICES 205 [In a calm
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Table 13.5 Data indices by case and
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Table 13.7 Recoding data to express
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Table 13.11 Cross-tabulating ‘occ
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Figure. 13.4 The history of the uni
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Figure 13.7 Incorporating detail by
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Figure 13.10 Comparing differences
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Figure 13.13 Adjusting scope of mos
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Figure 13.17 Comparing strength of
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Figure 13.20 Identifying positive a
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OF MAPS AND MATRICES 225 undercurre
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Chapter 14 Corroborating evidence
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 229 There is
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 231 describe
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 233 of these
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Figure 14.1 Concurrence between cat
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 237 possibil
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 239 that the
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 241 seductiv
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 243 research
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Chapter 15 Producing an account ‘
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 247 An analysi
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Figure 15.2 The whole is greater th
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Figure 15.3 Tree diagrams represent
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 253 associatio
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worrying unduly about the connectio
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Figure 15.5 Different writing strat
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 259 the vibrat
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Figure 15.7 Procedures for assignin
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 263 consistent
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Table 15.1 Databits assigned to cat
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Table 15.3 Distribution of response
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 269 To be subj
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 271 analysts t
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Figure 16.3 Analysis as an iterativ
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CONCLUSION 275 empirical analysis o
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Appendix 1 ‘If the Impressionists
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APPENDIX 1 279 though it had been o
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Appendix 2 Software The reader look
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Glossary Associating categories the
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References Allen, Woody (1978) ‘I
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REFERENCES 287 Sperber, Dan and Wil
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Capra, F. 29, 64, 99 case studies 1
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Galtung, J. 14 Geer, B. 7, 8, 29, 5
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connections; description qualitativ
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