Qualitative_data_analysis
Qualitative_data_analysis
Qualitative_data_analysis
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268 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS<br />
full access to all the <strong>data</strong> on which our <strong>analysis</strong> is based. By electronically linking<br />
our summaries and interpretations to the relevant <strong>data</strong>, our audience could then<br />
check for themselves any doubtful (or especially interesting) points in our <strong>analysis</strong>.<br />
So long as producing an account depends only on traditional forms of publication,<br />
we have to accept limitations which in principle may be overcome following the<br />
advent of desktop computing. However, this vision of a future in which the research<br />
community exchanges disks as well as papers, and accounts can be validated in a<br />
fully interactive medium, cannot be realized without the development and<br />
standardization of the relevant software.<br />
Meantime let us return to our present problems of validation, and consider the<br />
issues posed by ‘construct’ validity. These refer to the fit (or lack of fit) between the<br />
concepts used in our account and those already established in the relevant field. If<br />
we have used concepts which are congruent with those employed successfully in<br />
other analyses, our audience may have greater confidence in the validity of our<br />
account. If we have spurned the conceptual tools currently available in favour of<br />
inventing our own, we can expect a more sceptical response. Even the scientific<br />
community likes to keep originality on a lead—unless its problems have become so<br />
pressing that a complete shift in paradigm is required. Before we dedicate ourselves<br />
to revolutionizing current paradigms, however, we ought to recognize the<br />
circumstances in which such changes can occur. Einstein’s relativity theory<br />
explained empirical discrepancies which were inexplicable within the framework of<br />
Newtonian physics, and made some fresh predictions which could be tested against<br />
evidence. Theories in social science do not have such explanatory and predictive<br />
power. Often in place of explanation and prediction, we have to make do with<br />
insight and speculation. To our audience, these qualities, valuable though they may<br />
be, will rarely constitute an overwhelming case for changing the way they think.<br />
There is much to be said, therefore, for working with established rather than original<br />
concepts. The task of testing and honing these concepts through empirical enquiry<br />
is no less valuable than that of creating new conceptual tools.<br />
In practice, qualitative <strong>analysis</strong> may well involve a mix of these two tasks,<br />
depending on the fit between our <strong>data</strong> and the concepts we employ at the outset. To<br />
validate new concepts, we can still consider their congruence with established<br />
thinking. If our concepts are inconsistent with established thinking, we have to<br />
accept a sterner test of their validity, if not in terms of their explanatory and<br />
predictive power, then at least in terms of the significant insights and understanding<br />
they afford. Much the same point applies to ‘criterion’ validity. If our observations<br />
are inconsistent with the results produced through other measures, then we have to<br />
be particularly careful to ensure that our confidence in them is not misplaced.<br />
<strong>Qualitative</strong> <strong>analysis</strong> is often castigated as being too subjective, and as Patton<br />
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