Qualitative_data_analysis

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Figure 11.11 Conditional and causal links in the tale of Kaufman and Tonnato LINKING DATA 175 events. In this way, linking can be used to establish connections between the different elements in a singularity. Another aim in linking data is to provide an empirical basis for connecting categories. When we look for possible relationships between categories, we can do so on the basis of our observations of links between the databits. Each time we link two databits, we also connect the categories assigned to those databits. For example, in linking Vincent’s bridge building and Mrs Sol Schwimmer’s suing, we also connect the categories assigned to the former with the categories assigned to the latter. Returning to our interest in the connection between incongruous and cathartic humour, we can identify various examples where these two types of humour are connected through links we can observe in the data. Figure 11.12 shows two examples from the out-doors incident we have just discussed. Note that the two links differ, one being conditional and the other causal. You may recall that in our earlier discussion, we opted for explanatory rather than causal links between the episodes discussed by Vincent in his first letter. Each of these different links nevertheless connects the categories which we have used to explore incongruous and cathartic humour. Whether incongruous actions and events condition, cause or explain cathartic humour, exemplified in the various modes of suffering inflicted on patients, we have here some further evidence that there may be a connection between the two (Figure 11.13). Some of the links are between transpositions of task and patient suffering, while others are between transpositions of temperament and patient suffering. This underlines an important point about the open-ended relationship between linking data and connecting categories.
176 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Figure 11.12 Connecting incongruous and cathartic humour Figure 11.13 Linking data and connecting categories The links we observe between different bits of data establish connections between the categories we assign to that data. But as we saw earlier, our categories may be subject to continual refinement and revision through the process of analysis. Having observed links between different bits of data, it remains an open question which categories these links will connect. How we answer this question is taken up in the next chapter.
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Qualitative data analysis Learning
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First published 1993 by Routledge 1
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Glossary 283 References 285 Index 2
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9.1 Categorizing data—1 120 9.2 C
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3.1 Personal ads 42 5.1 ‘The libr
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Preface A new book on qualitative d
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analyse humour from any number of p
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Q. What colour is snow? A. White. C
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INTRODUCTION 3 approaches, interest
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INTRODUCTION 5 qualitative methods.
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INTRODUCTION 7 First of all, I take
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INTRODUCTION 9 the purposes of anal
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 11 distan
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 13 contem
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 15 ‘ric
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classified. Take the example in Ill
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Figure 2.1 Describing a bit of data
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 21 home;
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Figure 2.4 Nominal variable with mu
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Figure 2.6 Interval variable with f
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ILLUSTRATION 2.2 EXAMPLE OF A GRADI
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE DATA? 29 what a
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Chapter 3 What is qualitative analy
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Figure 3.2 Three aspects of descrip
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 35 co
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 37 en
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 39 Th
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CLASSIFICATION WHAT IS QUALITATIVE
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nature; photograph preferred but no
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 45 vi
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 47 Fi
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Figure 3.6 Formal and substantive c
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 51 ne
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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS? 53 If
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Figure 3.10 Qualitative analysis as
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Chapter 4 Introducing computers ‘
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ecording of an index of information
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Figure 4.1 A link between text held
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Computer transformations • Search
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Chapter 5 Finding a focus A Zen sto
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FINDING A FOCUS 67 Sheila The solic
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FINDING A FOCUS 69 to reflect upon
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For example, here are some question
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Transposition: Doctor: ‘I’m afr
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Figure 5.2 Main themes for analysin
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Chapter 6 Managing data Piles of pa
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MANAGING DATA 79 setting, by source
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MANAGING DATA 81 Interviewer Maybe
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Figure 6.1 Case documents kept in a
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MANAGING DATA 85 ‘Show the full r
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Chapter 7 Reading and annotating Ac
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• Official/bureaucratic commitmen
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READING AND ANNOTATING 91 women wer
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Techniques for interactive reading
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we can write our comment on a separ
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Figure 7.1 Relating data to key the
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READING AND ANNOTATING 99 may retur
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CREATING CATEGORIES 101 types of ph
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CREATING CATEGORIES 103 conceptual
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CREATING CATEGORIES 105 Categorizat
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Table 8.1 Alternative category list
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This is only a starting point. Our
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CREATING CATEGORIES 111 undertaking
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Figure 8.2 Weighing up the degree o
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CREATING CATEGORIES 115 Although co
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CREATING CATEGORIES 117 for an adeq
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CREATING CATEGORIES 119 well as con
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Figure 9.2 Categorizing data—2 Fi
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are entitled to expect some consist
Page 140 and 141: ASSIGNING CATEGORIES 125 we ought t
Page 142 and 143: ASSIGNING CATEGORIES 127 the data.
Page 144 and 145: have annotated this data. Suppose w
Page 146 and 147: ASSIGNING CATEGORIES 131 suddenly t
Page 148 and 149: • What generally constitutes a
Page 150 and 151: Databits Categories 5. Now she is u
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 10 Splitting and splicing T
Page 154 and 155: Using Hypertext linking, whenever n
Page 156 and 157: SPLITTING AND SPLICING 141 databits
Page 158 and 159: Category Subcategories Suffering Di
Page 160 and 161: Figure 10.1 Levels of subclassifica
Page 162 and 163: ILLUSTRATION 10.5 SUBDIVIDING DATAB
Page 164 and 165: Figure 10.2 Initial relationships b
Page 166 and 167: If we want to make this change, it
Page 168 and 169: Figure 10.5 Reassessing relationshi
Page 170 and 171: SPLITTING AND SPLICING 155 Although
Page 172 and 173: Figure 10.8 Comparing subcategories
Page 174 and 175: Figure 10.9 Shifting the analytic e
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 11 Linking data Categorizin
Page 178 and 179: Figure 11.2 Multiple hyperlinks bet
Page 180 and 181: example, we may ask what it is abou
Page 182 and 183: Figure 11.5 Linking and categorizin
Page 184 and 185: Figure 11.7 An explanatory link bet
Page 186 and 187: Table 11.2 Multiple links between d
Page 188 and 189: our reasons for making decisions an
Page 192 and 193: Chapter 12 Making connections Imagi
Page 194 and 195: Figure 12.1 The difference between
Page 196 and 197: Table 12.1 Concurrence between cate
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.4 Boolean operators for ca
Page 200 and 201: From Table 12.6 we can tell that mo
Page 202 and 203: Notice how this cross-tabulation co
Page 204 and 205: substantive connections between cat
Page 206 and 207: Figure 12.5 Following a trail of di
Page 208 and 209: Figure 12.7 Retrieving chronologica
Page 210 and 211: This approach is very exploratory,
Page 212 and 213: MAKING CONNECTIONS 197 Table 12.10
Page 214 and 215: MAKING CONNECTIONS 199 a consequenc
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 13 Of maps and matrices A n
Page 218 and 219: Table 13.1 Comparing information ac
Page 220 and 221: OF MAPS AND MATRICES 205 [In a calm
Page 222 and 223: Table 13.5 Data indices by case and
Page 224 and 225: Table 13.7 Recoding data to express
Page 226 and 227: Table 13.11 Cross-tabulating ‘occ
Page 228 and 229: Figure. 13.4 The history of the uni
Page 230 and 231: Figure 13.7 Incorporating detail by
Page 232 and 233: Figure 13.10 Comparing differences
Page 234 and 235: Figure 13.13 Adjusting scope of mos
Page 236 and 237: Figure 13.17 Comparing strength of
Page 238 and 239: Figure 13.20 Identifying positive a
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OF MAPS AND MATRICES 225 undercurre
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Chapter 14 Corroborating evidence
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 229 There is
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 231 describe
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 233 of these
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Figure 14.1 Concurrence between cat
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 237 possibil
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 239 that the
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 241 seductiv
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE 243 research
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Chapter 15 Producing an account ‘
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 247 An analysi
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Figure 15.2 The whole is greater th
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Figure 15.3 Tree diagrams represent
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 253 associatio
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worrying unduly about the connectio
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Figure 15.5 Different writing strat
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 259 the vibrat
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Figure 15.7 Procedures for assignin
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 263 consistent
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Table 15.1 Databits assigned to cat
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Table 15.3 Distribution of response
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 269 To be subj
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PRODUCING AN ACCOUNT 271 analysts t
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Figure 16.3 Analysis as an iterativ
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CONCLUSION 275 empirical analysis o
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Appendix 1 ‘If the Impressionists
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APPENDIX 1 279 though it had been o
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Appendix 2 Software The reader look
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Glossary Associating categories the
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References Allen, Woody (1978) ‘I
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REFERENCES 287 Sperber, Dan and Wil
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Capra, F. 29, 64, 99 case studies 1
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Galtung, J. 14 Geer, B. 7, 8, 29, 5
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connections; description qualitativ
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