The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal ...

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mentalists’ in the member states, is a purely theoretical one which tries to grasp the problems of contemporary existence with the concepts of a bygone era. In fact it was James Burnham who presaged Carr’s worst fear – that Britain might ignore the post-war opportunity to assert itself as a Western European Großraum. By suggesting a union of unequals between Britain and the United States in 1947, Burnham eased the political terms of what is known as the ‘special relationship’ between the two nations today. Burnham also presaged Schmitt’s nightmare by trading political pluriversalism for the national interest of the United States of America. This Burnham achieved by articulating America’s policy of world order in terms of democracy. According to Schmitt, every Großraum defines itself not only territorially but also ideologically, and this definition is always made with a specific opponent in mind. During the Cold War, America’s ethos became that of democratic order in a world endangered by the dictatorship of communism. The fact that the political idea of democracy does not imply any general or specific form of social or international order 8 did not present a problem for Burnham – after all, it was America that fought in democracy’s name, not vice versa. This was the political syllogism that led it to victory against the Soviet Union, and one that continues to guide it today in its War against Terror. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the politics postgraduate seminar at the University of Lapland for valuable comments and criticism while I was working on this chapter. Notes Geopolitics and grosspolitics 53 1 The term Großraum does not translate well into English, though ‘greater region’, ‘large space’, ‘supra-state’, ‘sphere’ and ‘bloc’ have been used in the literature. 2 According to Schmitt (1996: 53), The political entity presupposes the real existence of an enemy and therefore coexistence with another political entity. As long as a state exists, there will thus always be in the world more than just one state. A world state which embraces the entire globe and all of humanity cannot exist. The political world is a pluriverse, not a universe. 3 For Schmitt (1991: 46, 47), this protection did not in any way compromise other nations or nationalities in Germany’s zone of influence. 4 For a good biography of Burnham’s, see Kelly (2002). 5 According to Schmitt (1996: 58), all genuine political theories presuppose man to be evil, with a predisposition which may appear as ‘corruption, weakness, cowardice, stupidity, or also as brutality, sensuality, vitality, irrationality, and so on’. 6 Quote from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom. 7 Revanchism (from the French revanche, ‘revenge’) is defined as ‘a policy of retaliation, especially to recover lost territory’ (Compact Oxford English Dictionary). 8 I suppose this can be debated. According to Michael Doyle (1986: 1156), an apparent absence of war between liberal democracies for two decades provides statistical grounds to argue that liberal democracies establish ‘a separate peace’ within the international system.
54 M. Luoma-aho Bibliography Bendersky, J. W. (1983) Carl Schmitt: theorist for the Reich, New Brunswick, NJ: Princeton University Press. Burnham, J. (1941) The Managerial Revolution, or What Is Happening in the World Now, New York: Penguin Books. —— (1947) The Struggle for the World, London: Jonathan Cape. Carr, E. H. (1945) Nationalism and After, London: Macmillan. —— (2001) The Twenty Years’ Crisis 1919–1939: an introduction to the study of International Relations, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Doyle, M. (1986) ‘Liberalism and world politics’, American Political Science Review, 80: 1151–1163. Fox, W. T. R. (1944) The Super-Powers: the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union – their responsibility for peace, New York: Harcourt, Brace. Francis, S. T. (1984) Power and History: the political thought of James Burnham, Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Freund, J. (1995) ‘Schmitt’s political thought’, Telos, 102: 11–42. Gottfried, P. E. (1990) Carl Schmitt: politics and theory, New York: Greenwood Press. Gruchmann, L. (1962) Nationalsozialistiche Großraumordnung: Die Konstruktion einer ‘Deutscher Monroe-Doktrin’, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. Gyorgy, A. (1943) ‘The application of German geopolitics: geo-sciences’, American Political Science Review, 37: 677–686. Haslam, J. (1999) The Vices of Integrity: E. H. Carr, 1892–1982, London: Verso. Hoffmann, S. (1977) ‘An American social science: international relations’, Dædalus, 106: 41–60. Kelly, D. (2002) James Burnham and the Struggle for the World: a life, Wilmington, DE: ISI Books. Kelsen, H. (1967) Pure Theory of Law, trans. M. Knight, Berkeley: University of California Press. Murphy, D. T. (1997) The Heroic Earth: geopolitical thought in Weimar Germany, 1918–1933, Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. Nash, G. H. (1976) The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945, New York: Basic Books. Naumann, F. (1915) Mitteleuropa, Berlin: Reimer; trans. C. M. Meredith (1917) Central Europe, New York: Knopf. Peterson, G. (1945) ‘II. Political inequality at the Congress of Vienna’, Political Science Quarterly, 60: 532–554. Scheuerman, W. E. (1999) Carl Schmitt: the end of law, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Schmitt, C. (1988a [1925]) ‘Die Rheinlande als Objekt internationaler Politik’, in Positionen und Begriffe: im Kampf mit Weimar–Genf–Versailles 1923–1939, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1988b [1928]) ‘Völkerrechtliche Probleme in Rheingebiet’, in Positionen und Begriffe: im Kampf mit Weimar-Genf-Versailles 1923–1939, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1988c [1939]) ‘Neutralität und Neutralisierung’ in Positionen und Begriffe: im Kampf mit Weimar–Genf–Versailles 1923–1939, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1988d [1939]) ‘Großraum gegen Universalismus’ in Positionen und Begriffe: im Kampf mit Weimar–Genf–Versailles 1923–1939, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
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The International Political Thought
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10 Ethics and Politics in Contempor
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The International Political Thought
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Contents Notes on contributors ix A
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Contributors Andreas Behnke is a Le
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Contributors xi Italy. He was edito
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Introduction The international poli
Page 16 and 17: Second, what is really at stake in
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 5 Schmitt, necessarily
Page 20 and 21: Introduction 7 According to Schmitt
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 9 which is a far cry f
Page 24 and 25: (1998), Ojakangas offers a metaphys
Page 26 and 27: The crisis of order (nomos): war, t
Page 28 and 29: Plettenberg, ‘an hazardous undert
Page 30: Introduction 17 ‘Theory of the Pa
Page 34 and 35: 1 The ‘realist institutionalism
Page 36 and 37: The ‘realist institutionalism’
Page 50 and 51: which multinational Großräume led
Page 52 and 53: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 39 fo
Page 54 and 55: Großraum in Central and Eastern Eu
Page 56 and 57: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 43 (C
Page 58 and 59: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 45 Ca
Page 60 and 61: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 47 th
Page 62 and 63: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 49 Th
Page 64 and 65: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 51 ec
Page 68 and 69: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 55
Page 70 and 71: From humanized war to intervention
Page 72 and 73: virtue, and is undermined by the ha
Page 74 and 75: The United States and international
Page 80 and 81: Hitler to carve out for Germany an
Page 82: From humanized war to intervention
Page 86 and 87: 4 Global terrorism and the state of
Page 88 and 89: evolutionary war is genuine war, be
Page 90 and 91: The problem of the status of terror
Page 92 and 93: Global terrorism and permanent exce
Page 106 and 107: 8 The National Security Strategy (2
Page 110 and 111: 5 Partisan warfare, terrorism and t
Page 112 and 113: Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
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Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
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fight a ‘war against terrorism’
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6 War, violence and the displacemen
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War, violence and the political 109
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ian) values tends towards its total
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however, their presence, which keep
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Crossing the line? 125 he traces th
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Crossing the line? 127 one hand, th
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Crossing the line? 129 followed the
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Crossing the line? 131 unmediated m
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Crossing the line? 133 of the indiv
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Crossing the line? 135 decision not
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Crossing the line? 137 The War on T
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Crossing the line? 139 emptive wars
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2 Schmitt documents how, in fact, t
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Crossing the line? 143 —— (1996
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8 Carl Schmitt’s warning on the d
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The dangers of a unipolar world 149
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The dangers of a unipolar world 151
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neo-liberal model of globalization
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The re-emerging notion of Empire 15
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more traditional meaning - de Benoi
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From the standpoint of the transiti
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Notes 1A millet was a religious com
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Against world unity 167 in the seco
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Against world unity 169 unlikely) p
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Against world unity 171 this triple
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Against world unity 173 an impossib
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Against world unity 175 the contemp
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‘the day world politics comes to
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emerging global constitution.... In
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Against world unity 181 with indust
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Against world unity 183 Kratochwil,
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11 The evolution of European Union
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the jus publicum Europaeum and the
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 189
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values, which nonetheless were valu
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the individual global settings that
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integral part of the legal systems
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These structural principles are not
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seen as the first and most obvious
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 201
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12 A terrifying world without an ex
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A terrifying world without an exter
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exception proves everything: It con
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Schmitt, this radically conservativ
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Notes A terrifying world without an
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It is from this perspective that th
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The ethos of insecure life 225 enem
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The ethos of insecure life 227 and
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part to decisionism. Yet the images
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The ethos of insecure life 231 it.
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The ethos of insecure life 233 Domi
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The ethos of insecure life 235 diff
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Conclusion The ethos of insecure li
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10 For a more detailed argument on
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The ethos of insecure life 241 Stra
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Carl Schmitt viewed The Nomos of th
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Nomos: word and myth 245 If Michel
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Nomos: word and myth 247 cerned to
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The demonic nomos Nomos: word and m
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Nomos: word and myth 251 ence of 18
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Nomos: word and myth 253 picture. S
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ent kinds of police action. There w
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Notes 1 This and the following four
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Index 9/11 attacks 73, 78, 83-92, 9
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European Community 195, 196; contra
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245-6, 250, 255; globalization of 1
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terrorism 1, 76-9, 80-5, 88-9, 116,
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