The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal ...

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The ‘realist institutionalism’ of Schmitt 33 of such an order (as the Church was before the civil wars of religion) and also a substantive idea of justice. While aiming to carry out the summum bonum, transforming war into an international crime, the revival of the just war actually leads to the summum malum, the ‘dreadful nihilistic destruction of all law’ (ibid.: 187) and a return to the legal and moral discrimination of enemies. The inability of the new international law to keep a hold on reality also explains the divorce between law and politics we started with. In the preface to Der Nomos der Erde, Schmitt uses an incisive expression: jurisprudence, he writes, is today ‘sundered between theology and technology’ (ibid.: 38). Fifty years later, most analyses of international institutions risk ending up in the same condition. On the one hand, their focus on technicality has become politicalscientific as well as legal. This tends to increasingly enclose the study of institutions in a hortus clausus of norms and policies, shielded by the magic of the word ‘pure’ and inspired by an almost surrealist notion of ‘concreteness’ that suggests that all of one’s attention should be devoted to how institutions work, without wasting time by asking whether or not they affect reality. As Michael Walzer, whose ideas are clearly divergent from Schmitt’s, puts it: legal positivism, which generated major scholarly works in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, has become in the age of the United Nations increasingly uninteresting.... To dwell at length upon the precise meaning of the Charter is today a kind of utopian quibbling. And because the UN sometimes pretends that it already is what it has barely begun to be, its decrees do not command intellectual or moral respect – except among the positivist lawyers whose business it is to interpret them. The lawyers have constructed a paper world, which fails at crucial points to correspond to the world the rest of us still live in. (Walzer 2000: xviii–xix) On the other hand, the aspiration to a civitas maxima of legal globalism, the twentieth-century idea of world government and the more recent idea of a global democratic governance, all push institutionalism towards an extreme form of political theology which transforms the recognition of the crisis of the old Eurocentric world into the heralding of a new world that is freely malleable – a social construction ex nihilo that only retains the secret, but apparent, stamp of being Western from its predecessor. In transforming the end of European centrality into the beginning of a new (albeit abstract) Great Game of Western Universalism, ‘Western global centralists’ (Bull 1977: 302–305) engage in a secret and paradoxical dialogue with the figures whom Schmitt, from the beginning of his intellectual life, had recognized as the archetypes of the inability to keep a hold on reality: Romantics. As products of bourgeois security par excellence (Schmitt 1991: 78–108), they also perceive their inability to keep a hold on reality not as a loss but, instead, as the occasio of an endless, individualistic deception that allows them to continuously create always new, though always occasional, worlds without substance, without functional relationships, without
34 A. Colombo certain direction. As Schmitt observes, these worlds, deprived of conclusions, definitions and decisions, have no form and are guided mainly by ‘the magic hand of chance’. At the end of this ludus globi, Romantics are condemned to a condition similar to that of the fraudulent in Swedenborg’s hell: sitting on a narrow barrel, they see wonderful figures pass over their heads, which they mistake for the true world, a world they even think they are destined to govern (ibid.: 78). Bibliography Bull, H. (1966) ‘The Grotian Conception of International Society’, in H. Butterfield and M. Wight (eds), Diplomatic Investigations, London: George Allen & Unwin. —— (1977) The Anarchical Society: a study of order in world politics, New York: Columbia University Press. Clausewitz, C. (1984) On War, trans. M. Howard and P. Paret, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; (1832) Vom Kriege. Gilpin, R. (1987) War and Change in International Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hoffmann, S. (1977) ‘An American Social Science: International Relations’, Daedalus, 106: 41–61; reprinted in J. Der Derian (ed.), International Theory: critical investigations, London: Macmillan. Morgenthau, H. (1948) Politics among Nations, New York: Knopf. Schmitt, C. (1958) ‘Staat als Konkreter, an eine geschichtliche Epoche gebundener Begriff’, in C. Schmitt, Verfassungsrechtliche Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1924–1954: Materialen ze einer Verfassungslehre, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1972a) ‘Premessa a Il concetto di politico’, in C. Schmitt, Le categorie del politico, Bologna: Il Mulino; (1963) Vorwort, revised edition of Der Begriff des Politischen. —— (1972b) ‘Premessa all’edizione italiana’, in C. Schmitt, Le categorie del politico, Bologna: Il Mulino. —— (1984) Römischer Katholizismus und politische Form, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. —— (1988) Political Theology: four chapters on the concept of sovereignty, trans. G. Schwab, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; (1922) Politische Theologie: Vier Kapitel zur Lehre von der Souveränität. —— (1991) Political Romanticism, trans. G. Oakes, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; (1919) Politische Romantik. —— (1993) ‘The Age of Neutralizations and Depoliticizations’, trans. M. Konzett and J. P. McCormick, Telos, 96: 130–142; (1929) Das Zeitalter der Neutralisierungen und Entpolitisierungen. —— (1996) The Concept of the Political, trans. G. Schwab, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press; (1927) Der Begriff des Politischen. —— (1997) Land and Sea, trans. S. Draghici, Corvallis, OR: Plutarch Press; (1942) Land und Meer. Eine weltgeschichtliche Betrachtung. —— (2003) The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum, trans. G. L. Ulmen, New York: Telos Press; (1950) Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum. —— (2004a) On the Three Types of Juristic Thought, trans. J. W. Bendersky, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers; (1934) Über die drei Arten des Rechtswissenschaftlichen Denkens.
Page 2 and 3: The International Political Thought
Page 4 and 5: 10 Ethics and Politics in Contempor
Page 6 and 7: The International Political Thought
Page 8 and 9: Contents Notes on contributors ix A
Page 10 and 11: Contributors Andreas Behnke is a Le
Page 12 and 13: Contributors xi Italy. He was edito
Page 14 and 15: Introduction The international poli
Page 16 and 17: Second, what is really at stake in
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 5 Schmitt, necessarily
Page 20 and 21: Introduction 7 According to Schmitt
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 9 which is a far cry f
Page 24 and 25: (1998), Ojakangas offers a metaphys
Page 26 and 27: The crisis of order (nomos): war, t
Page 28 and 29: Plettenberg, ‘an hazardous undert
Page 30: Introduction 17 ‘Theory of the Pa
Page 34 and 35: 1 The ‘realist institutionalism
Page 36 and 37: The ‘realist institutionalism’
Page 50 and 51: which multinational Großräume led
Page 52 and 53: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 39 fo
Page 54 and 55: Großraum in Central and Eastern Eu
Page 56 and 57: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 43 (C
Page 58 and 59: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 45 Ca
Page 60 and 61: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 47 th
Page 62 and 63: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 49 Th
Page 64 and 65: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 51 ec
Page 66 and 67: mentalists’ in the member states,
Page 68 and 69: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 55
Page 70 and 71: From humanized war to intervention
Page 72 and 73: virtue, and is undermined by the ha
Page 74 and 75: The United States and international
Page 80 and 81: Hitler to carve out for Germany an
Page 82: From humanized war to intervention
Page 86 and 87: 4 Global terrorism and the state of
Page 88 and 89: evolutionary war is genuine war, be
Page 90 and 91: The problem of the status of terror
Page 92 and 93: Global terrorism and permanent exce
Page 94 and 95: Global terrorism and permanent exce
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Global terrorism and permanent exce
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8 The National Security Strategy (2
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5 Partisan warfare, terrorism and t
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Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
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fight a ‘war against terrorism’
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6 War, violence and the displacemen
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War, violence and the political 109
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ian) values tends towards its total
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however, their presence, which keep
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Crossing the line? 125 he traces th
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Crossing the line? 127 one hand, th
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Crossing the line? 129 followed the
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Crossing the line? 131 unmediated m
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Crossing the line? 133 of the indiv
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Crossing the line? 135 decision not
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Crossing the line? 137 The War on T
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Crossing the line? 139 emptive wars
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2 Schmitt documents how, in fact, t
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Crossing the line? 143 —— (1996
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8 Carl Schmitt’s warning on the d
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The dangers of a unipolar world 149
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The dangers of a unipolar world 151
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neo-liberal model of globalization
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The re-emerging notion of Empire 15
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more traditional meaning - de Benoi
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From the standpoint of the transiti
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Notes 1A millet was a religious com
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Against world unity 167 in the seco
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Against world unity 169 unlikely) p
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Against world unity 171 this triple
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Against world unity 173 an impossib
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Against world unity 175 the contemp
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‘the day world politics comes to
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emerging global constitution.... In
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Against world unity 181 with indust
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Against world unity 183 Kratochwil,
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11 The evolution of European Union
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the jus publicum Europaeum and the
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 189
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values, which nonetheless were valu
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the individual global settings that
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integral part of the legal systems
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These structural principles are not
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seen as the first and most obvious
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 201
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12 A terrifying world without an ex
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A terrifying world without an exter
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exception proves everything: It con
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Schmitt, this radically conservativ
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Notes A terrifying world without an
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It is from this perspective that th
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The ethos of insecure life 225 enem
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The ethos of insecure life 227 and
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part to decisionism. Yet the images
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The ethos of insecure life 231 it.
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The ethos of insecure life 233 Domi
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The ethos of insecure life 235 diff
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Conclusion The ethos of insecure li
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10 For a more detailed argument on
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The ethos of insecure life 241 Stra
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Carl Schmitt viewed The Nomos of th
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Nomos: word and myth 245 If Michel
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Nomos: word and myth 247 cerned to
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The demonic nomos Nomos: word and m
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Nomos: word and myth 251 ence of 18
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Nomos: word and myth 253 picture. S
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ent kinds of police action. There w
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Notes 1 This and the following four
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Index 9/11 attacks 73, 78, 83-92, 9
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European Community 195, 196; contra
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245-6, 250, 255; globalization of 1
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terrorism 1, 76-9, 80-5, 88-9, 116,
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