The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal ...

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Notes A terrifying world without an exterior 219 1 For a more comprehensive presentation of Schmitt’s metaphysics of the event, cf. Ojakangas (2006: 31–39, 203–217) and Ojakangas (2005: 25–45). 2 All Biblical quotations are taken from the New Revised Standard Version. 3 ‘Theologians should remain silent within foreign walls’; that is, theologians should mind their own business. 4 For Schmitt, Spinoza is the forerunner in philosophy advocating the metaphysics of immanence, first and foremost, because he developed an idea of God as the immanent cause of all things (Deus sive Natura). In Spinoza, in other words, Schmitt conceives the metaphysician who first paved the way for the rationalization and especially the neutralization of human existence, and not completely without reason: ‘If men were born free they would form no conception of good and bad as long as they were free’ (Spinoza 1989: 186). On the ‘horrible dictum’ Deus sive Natura, cf. Schmitt (1988: 84–85, 275). 5 According to Galli, ‘transcendence means contingency’ in Schmitt (Galli 2000: 1607). 6 In this sense, Galli’s remark that Schmitt ‘tries to think the unthinkable’ is correct (Galli 2000: 1611). 7 Cf., for instance, Mouffe (1999: 50). According to Mouffe, Schmitt’s ‘distinction between us and them is not really politically constructed; it is merely a recognition of already-existing borders’. 8 In The Concept of the Political (1996a [1932]), Schmitt had distinguished between two enemies, the political enemy and the enemy who surpasses the framework of the political (absolute enemy). In Theory of the Partisan (2004 [1963]), he makes a distinction among as many as three kinds of enemies. First, there exists a conventional enemy who belongs to the epoch of cabinet wars between princes and their mercenaries. For these wars Schmitt uses the term war game (Kriegsspiel). In contrast to war games, there appears the real enemy of a serious war (‘the Spanish partisan reestablished the seriousness of war’), which signifies warfare between peoples and their citizen-armies: ‘The enemy became once again a real enemy, and war became a real war’ (Schmitt 2004: 74). The absolute enemy – a world revolutionary – surpasses even this framework but at the cost of becoming abstract beyond all recognition. 9 In fact, the first expression of the transformation of Schmitt’s thought towards the thinking of concrete order was not Über die Drei Arten but a book published a year before, in 1933, namely State, Movement, People (2001). This book is Schmitt’s attempt to outline a juridical theory of the Third Reich, which implies that the roots of his thinking of concrete order lie in National-Socialism, if not ideologically then at least contextually. In the book, however, Schmitt’s thought has not yet found its firm grounding in the concept of nomos, but operates with such concepts as ‘kin’ and ‘ethnic identity’ (cf. Ojakangas 2006: 78–81). 10 In Political Romanticism (1986 [1919]) Schmitt’s attitude towards conservatism was still ironic, insofar as it revered tradition and durability as its ‘household god’ (Schmitt 1986). Now the essence and the value of the law lie precisely in its ‘stability and durability’ (Schmitt 1990a: 57). 11 According to Aristotle, the law (nomos) is the order (taxis) of the city-state (polis) (Aristotle 1990: 1253a39). 12 Schmitt refers here to Heraclitus’ fragment 44 according to which ‘all human laws are nourished by a single divine law’. 13 Every ‘invasion or temporary occupation’, for instance, ‘is not an appropriation that founds an order’. Appropriation is the origin of order but in order to become effective, it has to be conceived as legitimate (Schmitt 2003a: 80). 14 ‘The question of the enemy is our own’ (Schmitt 1988: 243).
220 M. Ojakangas Bibliography Aristotle (1990) Politics, trans. H. Rackham, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Cristi, R. (1998) Carl Schmitt and Authoritarian Liberalism, Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Galli, C. (2000) ‘Carl Schmitt’s anti-liberalism: its theoretical and historical sources and its philosophical and political meaning’, Cardozo Law Review, 21: 1597–1618. Hegel, G. W. F. (1977) Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A. V. Miller, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kojève, A. (1980) Introduction to the Reading of Hegel, trans. J. H. Nichols, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Meier, H. (1998) The Lesson of Carl Schmitt: four chapters on the distinction between political theology and political philosophy, trans. M. Brainard, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Mouffe, C. (1999) ‘Carl Schmitt and the paradox of liberal democracy’, in C. Mouffe (ed.) The Challenge of Carl Schmitt, London: Verso. Ojakangas, M. (2005) ‘Philosophies of “concrete” life: from Carl Schmitt to Jean-Luc Nancy’, Telos, 132: 25–45. —— (2006) A Philosophy of Concrete Life: Carl Schmitt and the political thought of late modernity, 2nd edn, Bern: Peter Lang. Schmitt, C. (1950) Ex Captivitate Salus, Cologne: Greven Verlag. —— (1963) Der Begriff des Politischen, 4th edn, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1985 [1921]) Political Theology, trans. G. Schwab, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. —— (1986) Political Romanticism, trans. G. Oakes, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. —— (1987) ‘The source of the tragic’, trans. D. Pan, Telos, 72: 133–151. —— (1988) Glossarium – Aufzeichnungen der Jahre 1947–1951, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1990a) ‘The plight of European jurisprudence’, trans. G. L. Ulmen, Telos, 83: 35–70. —— (1990b) ‘L’unité du monde II’, in C. Schmitt, Du politique: ‘légalité et légitimité’ et autres essaiys, trans. P. Baillet, Paris: Pardès. —— (1992) ‘The constitutional theory of federation’, trans. G. Ulmen, Telos, 91: 26–57. —— (1993a [1934]) Über die Drei Arten des rechtswissenschaftlichen Denkens, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1993b) Verfassungslehre, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1994) The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy, trans. E. Kennedy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. —— (1995) ‘Die Einheit der Welt’, in C. Schmitt, Staat, Großraum, Nomos: Arbeiten aus den Jahren 1916–1969, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1996a [1932]) The Concept of the Political, trans. G. Schwab, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. —— (1996b) Roman Catholicism and Political Form, trans. G. L. Ulmen, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. —— (1996c) The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes, trans. G. Schwab and E. Hilfstein, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. —— (1997) Land and Sea, trans. Simona Draghici, Washington, DC: Plutarch Press. —— (1999) ‘Ethic of state and pluralistic state’, in C. Mouffe (ed.) The Challenge of Carl Schmitt, trans. D. Dyzenhaus, London: Verso. —— (2001) State, Movement, People, trans. Simona Draghici, Corvallis, OR: Plutarch Press.
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The International Political Thought
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10 Ethics and Politics in Contempor
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The International Political Thought
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Contents Notes on contributors ix A
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Contributors Andreas Behnke is a Le
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Contributors xi Italy. He was edito
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Introduction The international poli
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Second, what is really at stake in
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Introduction 5 Schmitt, necessarily
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Introduction 7 According to Schmitt
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Introduction 9 which is a far cry f
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(1998), Ojakangas offers a metaphys
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The crisis of order (nomos): war, t
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Plettenberg, ‘an hazardous undert
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Introduction 17 ‘Theory of the Pa
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1 The ‘realist institutionalism
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The ‘realist institutionalism’
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which multinational Großräume led
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 39 fo
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Großraum in Central and Eastern Eu
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 43 (C
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 45 Ca
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 47 th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 49 Th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 51 ec
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mentalists’ in the member states,
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 55
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From humanized war to intervention
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virtue, and is undermined by the ha
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The United States and international
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Hitler to carve out for Germany an
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4 Global terrorism and the state of
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evolutionary war is genuine war, be
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The problem of the status of terror
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Global terrorism and permanent exce
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8 The National Security Strategy (2
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5 Partisan warfare, terrorism and t
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Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
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fight a ‘war against terrorism’
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6 War, violence and the displacemen
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War, violence and the political 109
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ian) values tends towards its total
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however, their presence, which keep
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Crossing the line? 125 he traces th
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Crossing the line? 127 one hand, th
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Crossing the line? 129 followed the
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Crossing the line? 131 unmediated m
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Crossing the line? 133 of the indiv
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Crossing the line? 135 decision not
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Crossing the line? 137 The War on T
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Crossing the line? 139 emptive wars
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2 Schmitt documents how, in fact, t
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Crossing the line? 143 —— (1996
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8 Carl Schmitt’s warning on the d
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The dangers of a unipolar world 149
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The dangers of a unipolar world 151
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neo-liberal model of globalization
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The re-emerging notion of Empire 15
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more traditional meaning - de Benoi
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From the standpoint of the transiti
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Notes 1A millet was a religious com
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Against world unity 167 in the seco
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Page 196 and 197: Against world unity 183 Kratochwil,
Page 198 and 199: 11 The evolution of European Union
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Page 204 and 205: values, which nonetheless were valu
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Page 208 and 209: integral part of the legal systems
Page 210 and 211: These structural principles are not
Page 212 and 213: seen as the first and most obvious
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Page 218 and 219: 12 A terrifying world without an ex
Page 220 and 221: A terrifying world without an exter
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Page 238 and 239: The ethos of insecure life 225 enem
Page 240 and 241: The ethos of insecure life 227 and
Page 242 and 243: part to decisionism. Yet the images
Page 244 and 245: The ethos of insecure life 231 it.
Page 246 and 247: The ethos of insecure life 233 Domi
Page 248 and 249: The ethos of insecure life 235 diff
Page 250 and 251: Conclusion The ethos of insecure li
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Page 258 and 259: Nomos: word and myth 245 If Michel
Page 260 and 261: Nomos: word and myth 247 cerned to
Page 262 and 263: The demonic nomos Nomos: word and m
Page 264 and 265: Nomos: word and myth 251 ence of 18
Page 266 and 267: Nomos: word and myth 253 picture. S
Page 268 and 269: ent kinds of police action. There w
Page 270 and 271: Notes 1 This and the following four
Page 272 and 273: Index 9/11 attacks 73, 78, 83-92, 9
Page 274 and 275: European Community 195, 196; contra
Page 276 and 277: 245-6, 250, 255; globalization of 1
Page 278 and 279: terrorism 1, 76-9, 80-5, 88-9, 116,
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