The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal ...

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Against world unity 181 with industrial and economic interdependence and with a central power or Reich that creates order, radiates its political idea and excludes alien military intervention into a greater space’ (1997: 23). For an interesting discussion of Großraum theory in the context of the dilemmas of Nazi occupation policy see Stirk (1999). 2 For a similar interpretation, which uses the comparison with Brzezinski’s articulation of American power, see Rasch (2003). For Schmitt, however, the true reality of power cannot be reduced to any of these social analyses, rather it can only find an appropriate response in the theoretical articulation of the notion of nomos, based on the three processes of appropriation, distribution and production (Schmitt 2003b, 2003c). 3 Ulmen observes that Schmitt saw the proclamation of the Truman doctrine (that the industrial development of the earth was America’s goal) as the original document in this prospective new nomos of the earth (2003: 30). 4 For an attempt to reformulate a new theory of imperialism see Hardt and Negri (2000). For a discussion of this attempt in an IR context see Barkawi and Laffey (2002) and the replies by Alex Callinicos, Martin Shaw and R. B. J. Walker in the next issue of Millennium (2002, 32, no. 2). For a discussion of the contemporary use of the notion of ‘empire’ with reference to Schmitt’s thought see Chapter 9 by Danilo Zolo in this volume. 5 For two opposite views from the perspective of the contemporary debate on US grand strategy see Kagan (2003) and Kupchan (2002). 6 For a critical overview of the problem of definition of globalization as well as an analysis of the implications for international relations, see Scholte (2000). 7 There exists a burgeoning literature known as ‘critical geopolitics’, which has, in my view, some points of convergence with Schmitt’s reflections. See in particular Ó Tuathail (1996). For a similar Schmittian-inspired analysis of globalization from the perspective of political philosophy see Galli (2001). 8 Exemplifications of this trend in International Relations and Political Theory are Fukuyama (1992), Held (1995), Habermas (2001), Linklater (1998), Beck (2006). To prove this point it is significant that even an author such as Amitai Etzioni, who is strongly associated with communitarian positions, when applying his communitarian approach to international affairs in his last book ends up arguing in favour of a global government (2004). For a Schmittian-inspired critique of the cosmopolitan project see Rasch (2000) and in a more indirect way the work of Zolo (1997, 2002a, 2002b). 9 ‘Teleological explanations explain by reference to an end or purpose toward which a system is directed’ (Wendt 1999: 496). 10 In the original Spanish version of this essay ‘La Unidad del Mundo’ Schmitt argues briefly for the contemporary possibility of a Christian conception of history in terms of the ‘great historical parallel’ and the doctrine of Katechon. Cf. also Dufferová (2004). 11 For the centrality of the apocalyptic dimension in the thought of Schmitt see Taubes (2003). 12 Palaver suggests that this thought was not completely alien to Schmitt: Religion will also play an important role in the new and pluralistic nomos of the earth. When in 1962 Schmitt lectured on the future of world order, he claimed that in view of the dominance of modern technology all Großräume would be a function of the spiritual substance of those people who help create this new order. Beside culture, race, language and national heritage it is religion that will contribute to this spiritual substance. (1995: 113)
182 F. Petito Bibliography Adler, E. (1997) ‘Seizing the middle ground: constructivism in world politics’, European Journal of International Relations, 2: 319–363. Aksu, E. and Camilleri, J. (eds) (2002) Democratizing Global Governance, New York: Palgrave. Barkawi, T. and Laffey, M. (2002) ‘Retrieving the imperial: empire and international relations’, Millennium, 31, no. 1: 109–127. Beck, U. (2006) The Cosmopolitan Vision, Cambridge: Polity Press. Bull, H. (1984) ‘The revolt against the west’, in H. Bull and A. Watson (eds) The Expansion of International Society, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 217–228. Bull, H. and Watson, A. (1984) ‘Introduction’, The Expansion of International Society, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1–32. Burchard, C. (2006) ‘Interlinking the domestic with the international: Carl Schmitt on democracy and international relations’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 19, no. 1: 9–40. Carr, E. H. (2000) The Twenty Years’ Crisis: an introduction to the study of international relations, 1919–1939, ed. M. Cox, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Commission on Global Governance (1995) Our Global Neighbourhood, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cox, R. (1981) ‘Social forces, states and world order: beyond international relations theory’, Millennium, 10, no. 2: 126–155. Dallmayr, F. (1998) Alternative Visions: paths in the global village, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Dufferová, A. (2004) ‘The historical thinking of Carl Schmitt and its significance for world order’, paper presented at the section on ‘The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt’, 5th Pan-European International Relations Conference, The Hague, 9–11 September. Etzioni, A. (2004) From Empire to Community: a new approach to international relations, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Fukuyama, F. (1992) The End of History and the Last Man, New York: Free Press. Galli, C. (2000) ‘Carl Schmitt’s antiliberalism: its theoretical and historical sources and its philosophical and political meaning’, Cardozo Law Review, 21: 1597–1617. —— (2001) Spazi politici: L’età moderna e l’età globale, Bologna: Il Mulino. Gilpin, R. (1981) War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. —— (1987) The Political Economy of International Relations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Habermas, J. (2001) The Postnational Constellation: political essays, Cambridge, MA: Polity Press. Hardt, M. and Negri, A. (2000) Empire, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Held, D. (1995) Democracy and the Global Order: from the modern state to cosmopolitan governance, Cambridge: Polity Press. Kagan, R. (2003) Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the new world order, London: Atlantic Books. Kervégan, J. (1999) ‘Carl Schmitt and “world unity” ’, in C. Mouffe (ed.) The Challenge of Carl Schmitt, London: Verso, 54–74. Koskenniemi, M. (2002) The Gentler Civilizer of Nations: the rise and fall of international law 1870–1960, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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The International Political Thought
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10 Ethics and Politics in Contempor
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The International Political Thought
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Contents Notes on contributors ix A
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Contributors Andreas Behnke is a Le
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Contributors xi Italy. He was edito
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Introduction The international poli
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Second, what is really at stake in
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Introduction 5 Schmitt, necessarily
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Introduction 7 According to Schmitt
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Introduction 9 which is a far cry f
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(1998), Ojakangas offers a metaphys
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The crisis of order (nomos): war, t
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Plettenberg, ‘an hazardous undert
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Introduction 17 ‘Theory of the Pa
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1 The ‘realist institutionalism
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The ‘realist institutionalism’
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which multinational Großräume led
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 39 fo
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Großraum in Central and Eastern Eu
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 43 (C
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 45 Ca
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 47 th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 49 Th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 51 ec
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mentalists’ in the member states,
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 55
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From humanized war to intervention
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virtue, and is undermined by the ha
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The United States and international
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Hitler to carve out for Germany an
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4 Global terrorism and the state of
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evolutionary war is genuine war, be
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The problem of the status of terror
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Global terrorism and permanent exce
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8 The National Security Strategy (2
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5 Partisan warfare, terrorism and t
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Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
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fight a ‘war against terrorism’
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6 War, violence and the displacemen
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War, violence and the political 109
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ian) values tends towards its total
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however, their presence, which keep
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Crossing the line? 125 he traces th
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Crossing the line? 127 one hand, th
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Crossing the line? 129 followed the
Page 144 and 145: Crossing the line? 131 unmediated m
Page 146 and 147: Crossing the line? 133 of the indiv
Page 148 and 149: Crossing the line? 135 decision not
Page 150 and 151: Crossing the line? 137 The War on T
Page 152 and 153: Crossing the line? 139 emptive wars
Page 154 and 155: 2 Schmitt documents how, in fact, t
Page 156: Crossing the line? 143 —— (1996
Page 160 and 161: 8 Carl Schmitt’s warning on the d
Page 162 and 163: The dangers of a unipolar world 149
Page 164 and 165: The dangers of a unipolar world 151
Page 166 and 167: neo-liberal model of globalization
Page 168 and 169: The re-emerging notion of Empire 15
Page 170 and 171: more traditional meaning - de Benoi
Page 172 and 173: From the standpoint of the transiti
Page 176 and 177: Notes 1A millet was a religious com
Page 180 and 181: Against world unity 167 in the seco
Page 182 and 183: Against world unity 169 unlikely) p
Page 184 and 185: Against world unity 171 this triple
Page 186 and 187: Against world unity 173 an impossib
Page 188 and 189: Against world unity 175 the contemp
Page 190 and 191: ‘the day world politics comes to
Page 192 and 193: emerging global constitution.... In
Page 196 and 197: Against world unity 183 Kratochwil,
Page 198 and 199: 11 The evolution of European Union
Page 200 and 201: the jus publicum Europaeum and the
Page 202 and 203: EU law and the nomos of Europe 189
Page 204 and 205: values, which nonetheless were valu
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Page 208 and 209: integral part of the legal systems
Page 210 and 211: These structural principles are not
Page 212 and 213: seen as the first and most obvious
Page 214: EU law and the nomos of Europe 201
Page 218 and 219: 12 A terrifying world without an ex
Page 220 and 221: A terrifying world without an exter
Page 224 and 225: exception proves everything: It con
Page 230 and 231: Schmitt, this radically conservativ
Page 232 and 233: Notes A terrifying world without an
Page 236 and 237: It is from this perspective that th
Page 238 and 239: The ethos of insecure life 225 enem
Page 240 and 241: The ethos of insecure life 227 and
Page 242 and 243: part to decisionism. Yet the images
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The ethos of insecure life 231 it.
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The ethos of insecure life 233 Domi
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The ethos of insecure life 235 diff
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Conclusion The ethos of insecure li
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10 For a more detailed argument on
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The ethos of insecure life 241 Stra
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Carl Schmitt viewed The Nomos of th
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Nomos: word and myth 245 If Michel
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Nomos: word and myth 247 cerned to
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The demonic nomos Nomos: word and m
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Nomos: word and myth 251 ence of 18
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Nomos: word and myth 253 picture. S
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ent kinds of police action. There w
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Notes 1 This and the following four
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Index 9/11 attacks 73, 78, 83-92, 9
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European Community 195, 196; contra
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245-6, 250, 255; globalization of 1
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terrorism 1, 76-9, 80-5, 88-9, 116,
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