The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal ...

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neo-liberal model of globalization which is at the origin of the proliferation of discourses and practices of radical negation of the established order. In order to create channels for the legitimate expression of dissent we need to envisage a pluralistic world order constructed around a certain number of great spaces and genuine cultural poles. The new forms of terrorism reveal the dangers implicit in the delusions of the universalist globalist discourse which postulates that human progress requires the establishment of world unity based on the adoption of the Western model. This is why, against the illusions of the universalist-humanitarians, it is urgent to listen to Schmitt when he reminds us that ‘[t]he political world is a pluriverse, not a universe’ (Schmitt 1976: 53). This is, I believe, the only way to avoid the ‘clash of civilizations’ announced by Huntington (1996) and to which, despite its intentions, the universalist discourse is, in fact, contributing. Bibliography The dangers of a unipolar world 153 Falk, R. and Strauss, A. (2001) ‘Towards global parliament’, Foreign Affairs, 80: 212–220. —— (2003) ‘The deeper challenges of global terrorism: a democratizing response’, in D. Archibugi (ed.) Debating Cosmopolitics, London: Verso. Huntington, S. P. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon and Schuster. Kervégan, J.-F. (2002) ‘Ami ou ennemi?’ in ‘La guerre des dieux’, special issue of Le Nouvel Observateur, Hors-serie, January, pp. 34–37. Schmitt, C. (1952) ‘Die Einheit der Welt’, Merkur, 6: 1–11. —— (1963) Theorie des Partisanen: Zwischenbemerkung zum Begriff des Politischen, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1974) Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot; trans. G. L. Ulmen (2003) The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum, New York: Telos Press. —— (1976) The Concept of the Political, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. —— (1994 [1932]) ‘Völkerrechtlichen Formen des modernen Imperialismus’, in Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar – Genf – Versailles 1923–1939, 3rd edn, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
9 The re-emerging notion of Empire and the influence of Carl Schmitt’s thought Danilo Zolo The reemerging notion of empire In this chapter I intend to present a critical analysis of the contemporary use of the notion of ‘empire’. I also propose, on the basis of Carl Schmitt’s philosophy of international law, a specific use of the notion of ‘empire’ to denote the United States’ global hegemony as ‘imperial’. The revival of the notion of ‘empire’ within Western political theory is in my view evidence of the present profound transformation of international arrangements. There is an evolutionary crisis of the nation-state that is leading to the erosion or alteration of some of its traditional functions, as well as to its taking on new significant tasks. At the same time, we are witnessing a phenomenon of dislocation and concentration of a large part of states’ sovereign powers in favour of new international actors: military, political, economic and communicative. Among these subjects there are a few ‘great powers’, first of all the United States of America, which obtain increasing advantages – as great powers, not as nation-states – through the systemic mechanisms of distribution of power and wealth. These mechanisms are scarcely affected by the formal prerogatives of state sovereignty. These phenomena – paralleling the increasing integration of international factors that is being called ‘globalisation’ (Zolo 2004a) – were accelerated in the late twentieth century after the end of the Cold War, the demise of the bi-polar world order, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of the United States as the only world superpower. And they were further accelerated after 11 September 2001 and the US-led wars against Afghanistan and Iraq. A methodological caution I think a methodological caution is required about the overall meaning of the term ‘empire’ in its current use within Western political culture. In this lexical context the term ‘empire’ takes on a semantic value and a symbolic scope that tend to crystallise in a real paradigm. Besides individual variations, this imperial paradigm points to a political form with three morphological and functional features.
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The International Political Thought
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10 Ethics and Politics in Contempor
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The International Political Thought
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Contents Notes on contributors ix A
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Contributors Andreas Behnke is a Le
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Contributors xi Italy. He was edito
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Introduction The international poli
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Second, what is really at stake in
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Introduction 5 Schmitt, necessarily
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Introduction 7 According to Schmitt
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Introduction 9 which is a far cry f
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(1998), Ojakangas offers a metaphys
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The crisis of order (nomos): war, t
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Plettenberg, ‘an hazardous undert
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Introduction 17 ‘Theory of the Pa
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1 The ‘realist institutionalism
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The ‘realist institutionalism’
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which multinational Großräume led
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 39 fo
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Großraum in Central and Eastern Eu
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 43 (C
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 45 Ca
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 47 th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 49 Th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 51 ec
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mentalists’ in the member states,
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 55
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From humanized war to intervention
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virtue, and is undermined by the ha
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The United States and international
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Hitler to carve out for Germany an
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4 Global terrorism and the state of
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evolutionary war is genuine war, be
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The problem of the status of terror
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Global terrorism and permanent exce
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8 The National Security Strategy (2
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5 Partisan warfare, terrorism and t
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Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
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Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
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Page 120 and 121: 6 War, violence and the displacemen
Page 122 and 123: War, violence and the political 109
Page 124 and 125: ian) values tends towards its total
Page 134 and 135: however, their presence, which keep
Page 138 and 139: Crossing the line? 125 he traces th
Page 140 and 141: Crossing the line? 127 one hand, th
Page 142 and 143: Crossing the line? 129 followed the
Page 144 and 145: Crossing the line? 131 unmediated m
Page 146 and 147: Crossing the line? 133 of the indiv
Page 148 and 149: Crossing the line? 135 decision not
Page 150 and 151: Crossing the line? 137 The War on T
Page 152 and 153: Crossing the line? 139 emptive wars
Page 154 and 155: 2 Schmitt documents how, in fact, t
Page 156: Crossing the line? 143 —— (1996
Page 160 and 161: 8 Carl Schmitt’s warning on the d
Page 162 and 163: The dangers of a unipolar world 149
Page 164 and 165: The dangers of a unipolar world 151
Page 168 and 169: The re-emerging notion of Empire 15
Page 170 and 171: more traditional meaning - de Benoi
Page 172 and 173: From the standpoint of the transiti
Page 176 and 177: Notes 1A millet was a religious com
Page 180 and 181: Against world unity 167 in the seco
Page 182 and 183: Against world unity 169 unlikely) p
Page 184 and 185: Against world unity 171 this triple
Page 186 and 187: Against world unity 173 an impossib
Page 188 and 189: Against world unity 175 the contemp
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Page 194 and 195: Against world unity 181 with indust
Page 196 and 197: Against world unity 183 Kratochwil,
Page 198 and 199: 11 The evolution of European Union
Page 200 and 201: the jus publicum Europaeum and the
Page 202 and 203: EU law and the nomos of Europe 189
Page 204 and 205: values, which nonetheless were valu
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Page 214: EU law and the nomos of Europe 201
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12 A terrifying world without an ex
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A terrifying world without an exter
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exception proves everything: It con
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Schmitt, this radically conservativ
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Notes A terrifying world without an
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It is from this perspective that th
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The ethos of insecure life 225 enem
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The ethos of insecure life 227 and
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part to decisionism. Yet the images
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The ethos of insecure life 231 it.
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The ethos of insecure life 233 Domi
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The ethos of insecure life 235 diff
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Conclusion The ethos of insecure li
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10 For a more detailed argument on
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The ethos of insecure life 241 Stra
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Carl Schmitt viewed The Nomos of th
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Nomos: word and myth 245 If Michel
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Nomos: word and myth 247 cerned to
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The demonic nomos Nomos: word and m
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Nomos: word and myth 251 ence of 18
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Nomos: word and myth 253 picture. S
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ent kinds of police action. There w
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Notes 1 This and the following four
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Index 9/11 attacks 73, 78, 83-92, 9
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European Community 195, 196; contra
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245-6, 250, 255; globalization of 1
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terrorism 1, 76-9, 80-5, 88-9, 116,
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