The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal ...

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War, violence and the political 123 Rawls, J. (1999) The Law of Peoples, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Reisman, W. M. (2000) ‘Sovereignty and human rights in contemporary international law’, in G. H. Fox and B. R. Roth (eds) Democratic Governance and International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rhodes, E. (2003) ‘The imperial logic of Bush’s liberal agenda’, Survival, 45: 131–154. Schmitt, C. (1988) Die Wendung zum diskriminierenden Kriegsbegriff, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1991) ‘Hinweise’, in C. Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen: Text von 1932 mit einem Vorwort und drei Corrolarien, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1996a) The Concept of the Political, translated and with an introduction by G. Schwab, and with a new foreword by T. B. Strong, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. —— (1996b) Politische Theologie: Vier Kapitel zur Lehre von der Souveränität, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1999) ‘Ethic of state and pluralistic state’, in C. Mouffe (ed.) The Challenge of Carl Schmitt, London: Verso. Schneider, P. (2002) ‘Die falsche Gewissheit’, Der Spiegel, 35, 26 August: 168–170. Schwab, G. (1987) ‘Enemy or foe: a conflict of modern politics’, Telos, 72: 194–201. Slaughter, A. (1993) ‘International law and international relations theory: a dual agenda’, The American Journal of International Law, 87: 226–239. —— (1995) ‘International law in a world of liberal states’, European Journal of International Law, 6: 503–538. —— (2003) ‘Good reasons for going around the U.N.’, New York Times, 18 March: A33. Sontag, S. (2004) ‘Regarding the torture of others’, New York Times. Available online: www.nytimes.com/2004/05/23/magazine/23PRISONS.html (accessed 23 May 2004). Troyer, L. (2003) ‘Counterterrorism, sovereignty, law, subjectivity’, Critical Asian Studies, 35: 259–276. Ulmen, G. L. (1987) ‘Return of the foe’, Telos, 72: 187–193. Walker, R. B. J. (1993) Inside/Outside: international relations as political theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wendt, A. (1992) ‘Anarchy is what states make of it’, International Organization, 46: 391–425. Winkler, H. A. (2003) ‘Wenn die Macht Recht spricht’, Die Zeit. Available online: hermes.zeit.de/pdf/index.php?doc�/2003/26/Essay_Winkler (accessed 25 June 2003).
7 Crossing the line? Carl Schmitt on the ‘spaceless universalism’ of cosmopolitanism and the War on Terror 1 Louiza Odysseos Locating the line In 1955 Martin Heidegger contributed an essay, ‘Concerning (or about) “the line”’ [Über die Linie], to a Festschrift commemorating the sixtieth birthday of novelist and essayist Ernst Jünger (Heidegger 1998 [1955]). Heidegger’s essay, formulated as a letter, was a response to Jünger’s own essay ‘Across the line’ [also Über die Linie], in which the author used the metaphor of ‘the line’ to meditate on the question of nihilism in the modern age and the possibilities of its overcoming (1950; see also 1991). Jünger had suggested that overcoming nihilism could only be possible by crossing the line that constituted ‘the border between two world eras’ (Heidegger 1998: 294). Crossing the line, he maintained, would enable the exiting ‘from the zone of consummate nihilism’ and move humanity ‘to the realm of a “new turning of being” ’ (ibid.). Jünger’s meditation concerned the transgression of the line, the ‘across’, and what came after this crossing. Heidegger, however, challenged this view as misguided: one had to discuss the line, the distinction or boundary, and try to understand its meaning and implications: ‘you look across and go across the line; I simply take a look at the line that you have represented’ (ibid.). Heidegger wanted, rather, ‘to think ahead to this locale of the line and thus locate the line’ (ibid.; emphasis added). In other words, Heidegger argued that thinking about world eras, and modernity in particular, required meditation ‘about’ or ‘concerning’ the line, rather than a call to cross it. This exchange about the ‘the line’ between Jünger and Heidegger was also contemporaneous with Carl Schmitt’s reflections in his seminal book, Der Nomos der Erde, on the genesis and demise of the first spatial order, which was uniquely ‘global’ in scope and which he called the nomos of the earth (Schmitt 2003 [1950]). In International Relations we refer to this same order as the ‘Westphalian system’, designating in this way the system of relations among ‘sovereign’ states in an anarchical environment, commonly understood to have been established by the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. It is used more broadly to refer to the ontology of international politics where the state is the primary sovereign actor (see Brown 2002; Teschke 2003). Schmitt’s account, however, is much richer than the one found within the mythology of International Relations:
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The International Political Thought
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10 Ethics and Politics in Contempor
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The International Political Thought
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Contents Notes on contributors ix A
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Contributors Andreas Behnke is a Le
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Contributors xi Italy. He was edito
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Introduction The international poli
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Second, what is really at stake in
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Introduction 5 Schmitt, necessarily
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Introduction 7 According to Schmitt
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Introduction 9 which is a far cry f
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(1998), Ojakangas offers a metaphys
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The crisis of order (nomos): war, t
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Plettenberg, ‘an hazardous undert
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Introduction 17 ‘Theory of the Pa
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1 The ‘realist institutionalism
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The ‘realist institutionalism’
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which multinational Großräume led
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 39 fo
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Großraum in Central and Eastern Eu
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 43 (C
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 45 Ca
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 47 th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 49 Th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 51 ec
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mentalists’ in the member states,
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 55
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From humanized war to intervention
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virtue, and is undermined by the ha
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The United States and international
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Hitler to carve out for Germany an
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Page 86 and 87: 4 Global terrorism and the state of
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Page 118 and 119: fight a ‘war against terrorism’
Page 120 and 121: 6 War, violence and the displacemen
Page 122 and 123: War, violence and the political 109
Page 124 and 125: ian) values tends towards its total
Page 134 and 135: however, their presence, which keep
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Page 140 and 141: Crossing the line? 127 one hand, th
Page 142 and 143: Crossing the line? 129 followed the
Page 144 and 145: Crossing the line? 131 unmediated m
Page 146 and 147: Crossing the line? 133 of the indiv
Page 148 and 149: Crossing the line? 135 decision not
Page 150 and 151: Crossing the line? 137 The War on T
Page 152 and 153: Crossing the line? 139 emptive wars
Page 154 and 155: 2 Schmitt documents how, in fact, t
Page 156: Crossing the line? 143 —— (1996
Page 160 and 161: 8 Carl Schmitt’s warning on the d
Page 162 and 163: The dangers of a unipolar world 149
Page 164 and 165: The dangers of a unipolar world 151
Page 166 and 167: neo-liberal model of globalization
Page 168 and 169: The re-emerging notion of Empire 15
Page 170 and 171: more traditional meaning - de Benoi
Page 172 and 173: From the standpoint of the transiti
Page 176 and 177: Notes 1A millet was a religious com
Page 180 and 181: Against world unity 167 in the seco
Page 182 and 183: Against world unity 169 unlikely) p
Page 184 and 185: Against world unity 171 this triple
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Against world unity 173 an impossib
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Against world unity 175 the contemp
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‘the day world politics comes to
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emerging global constitution.... In
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Against world unity 181 with indust
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Against world unity 183 Kratochwil,
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11 The evolution of European Union
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the jus publicum Europaeum and the
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 189
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values, which nonetheless were valu
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the individual global settings that
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integral part of the legal systems
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These structural principles are not
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seen as the first and most obvious
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 201
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12 A terrifying world without an ex
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A terrifying world without an exter
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exception proves everything: It con
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Schmitt, this radically conservativ
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Notes A terrifying world without an
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It is from this perspective that th
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The ethos of insecure life 225 enem
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The ethos of insecure life 227 and
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part to decisionism. Yet the images
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The ethos of insecure life 231 it.
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The ethos of insecure life 233 Domi
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The ethos of insecure life 235 diff
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Conclusion The ethos of insecure li
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10 For a more detailed argument on
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The ethos of insecure life 241 Stra
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Carl Schmitt viewed The Nomos of th
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Nomos: word and myth 245 If Michel
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Nomos: word and myth 247 cerned to
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The demonic nomos Nomos: word and m
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Nomos: word and myth 251 ence of 18
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Nomos: word and myth 253 picture. S
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ent kinds of police action. There w
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Notes 1 This and the following four
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Index 9/11 attacks 73, 78, 83-92, 9
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European Community 195, 196; contra
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245-6, 250, 255; globalization of 1
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terrorism 1, 76-9, 80-5, 88-9, 116,
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