The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal ...

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however, their presence, which keeps history from fulfilling itself, needs to be terminated. Accordingly, war takes on a different notion. For realists, it is the extension of the political, an expression of a systemic condition in which irreconcilable differences might have to be settled by force. In the absence of an authority to decide the justness of such causes, war is purely instrumental in settling the score. For liberals, war becomes discriminatory, as it is legitimate when exercised by the ‘right’ agents for the sake of democracy and peace. War on the other hand deteriorates into pure aggression and criminality when conducted by the ‘other’. Given that the ‘other’ is the source of residual conflict and violence in the international system, war is ultimately about the eradication of ‘otherness’, not about the settling of scores between different entities. As long as this is not accomplished, war is but suspended. The distinction between war and peace therefore becomes blurred, as the presence of the ‘other’ constitutes a permanent threat. Peace and peaceful means of diplomacy and statecraft become the extension of war, as the imminent end of history and the coming of a ‘world of liberal states’ can afford no lasting peace and recognition of the ‘other’. If the realists have it right, we can expect the world to continue to offer resistance to this liberal eschatology. The problem with this is that it will most likely simply make liberalism double its efforts and raise the level of violence further. As long as war is exercised for the sake of the ascetic ideal of its own abolition, it will continue to eliminate its limits. Notes War, violence and the political 121 1 See Culler (1982: 142–144) for a discussion of Jacques Derrida’s notion of the pharmakon. 2 See for instance Jürgen Habermas’s discussion of Schmitt (Habermas 1997: 141ff.). For a critical review of Habermas’s position on Schmitt see Behnke (2005). 3 But see also Schmitt’s discussion of a pluralistic state (1999: 195–208). 4 All translations from German to English are by Andreas Behnke. 5 As Susan Sontag (2004) has pointed out, this process of dehumanization has become an integral part of the American ‘war on terror’ and finds its most blatant expression in the treatment of the prisoners at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo. 6 Interestingly, Gallie’s construction of an ‘artificial example’ to highlight the inherent logic of essentially contested concepts in which different ‘teams’ vie for ‘championship’ in a setting without any judges or referees in a sense emulates the anarchical structure of the international system. 7 See Bishai (2000) for a critical analysis of this shift towards intervention. 8 We would like to thank Pål Wrange for bringing this point to our attention. 9 But see the somewhat more moderate position of John M. Owen IV (2000) who identifies sovereignty as an ‘objective other than peace’ that the UN continues to uphold and which needs to be balanced with the spread of liberal peace via intervention. However, it is unclear from his presentation what function or objective sovereignty is actually fulfilling in the international system and why the UN continues to ‘take state sovereignty seriously’. Ultimately, it is an obstacle on the path towards making the world a more peaceful place by intervening against non-liberal/non-democratic states. 10 Whatever limits on the exercise of violence still exist are a matter of expediency and potentially counterproductive consequences; see for instance Reisman (2000: 249) and Owen (2000: 382–385).
122 L. S. Bishai and A. Behnke Bibliography Behnke, A. (2005) ‘9/11 und die Grenzen des Politischen’, Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, 13: 117–140. Bishai, L. S. (2000), ‘From recognition to intervention’, paper presented at the ISA Annual Convention, Los Angeles. Byers, M. and Chesterman, S. (2000) ‘“You, the people”: pro-democratic intervention in international law’, in G. H. Fox and B. R. Roth (eds) Democratic Governance and International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Connolly, W. E. (1993) The Terms of Political Discourse, Oxford: Blackwell. —— (1994) Identity\Difference: democratic negotiations of political paradox, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. —— (1995) The Ethos of Pluralization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Culler, J. (1982) On Deconstruction: theory and criticism after structuralism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Derrida, J. (1992) ‘Force of law: the “mythical foundation of authority”’, in D. Cornell, M. Rosenfeld and D. G. Carlson (eds) Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice, New York: Routledge. Feinstein, L. and Slaughter, A. (2004) ‘A duty to prevent’, Foreign Affairs, 83: 136–150. Foucault, M. (1980a) ‘Truth and power’, in C. Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977 by Michel Foucault, New York: Pantheon Books. —— (1980b) ‘Questions on geography’, in C. Gordon (ed.) Power/Knowledge: selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977 by Michel Foucault, New York: Pantheon Books. Gallie, W. B. (1955/56) ‘Essentially contested concepts’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, London, New Series, LVI: 167–198. Habermas, J. (1997) ‘Kant’s idea of perpetual peace, with the benefit of 200 years’ hindsight’, in J. Bohman and M. Lutz-Bachmann (eds) Perpetual Peace: essays on Kant’s cosmopolitan ideal, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Koh, Harold (1997) ‘Why do nations obey international law?’, Yale Law Journal, 106: 2599–2659. Koskenniemi, M. (2000) ‘Carl Schmitt, Hans Morgenthau, and the image of law in international relations’, in M. Byers (ed.) The Role of Law in International Politics: essays in international relations and international law, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lilla, M. (1997) ‘The enemy of liberalism’, New York Review of Books, 44: 38–44. Lynn-Jones, S. M. (1996) ‘Preface’, in M. E. Brown, S. M. Lynn-Jones and S. E. Miller (eds) Debating the Democratic Peace, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Oren, Ido (1996) ‘The subjectivity of the “democratic peace”: changing perceptions of imperial Germany’, in M. E. Brown, S. M. Lynn-Jones and S. E. Miller (eds) Debating the Democratic Peace, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Owen, J. M. (2000) ‘International law and the “liberal peace”’, in G. H. Fox and B. R. Roth (eds) Democratic Governance and International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rasch, W. (2000) ‘Conflict as vocation: Carl Schmitt and the possibility of politics’, Theory, Culture and Society, 17: 1–32. —— (2003) ‘Human rights as geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the legal form of American supremacy’, Cultural Critique, 54: 120–147.
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The International Political Thought
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10 Ethics and Politics in Contempor
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The International Political Thought
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Contents Notes on contributors ix A
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Contributors Andreas Behnke is a Le
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Contributors xi Italy. He was edito
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Introduction The international poli
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Second, what is really at stake in
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Introduction 5 Schmitt, necessarily
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Introduction 7 According to Schmitt
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Introduction 9 which is a far cry f
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(1998), Ojakangas offers a metaphys
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The crisis of order (nomos): war, t
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Plettenberg, ‘an hazardous undert
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Introduction 17 ‘Theory of the Pa
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1 The ‘realist institutionalism
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The ‘realist institutionalism’
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which multinational Großräume led
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 39 fo
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Großraum in Central and Eastern Eu
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 43 (C
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 45 Ca
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 47 th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 49 Th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 51 ec
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mentalists’ in the member states,
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 55
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From humanized war to intervention
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virtue, and is undermined by the ha
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The United States and international
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Hitler to carve out for Germany an
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Page 86 and 87: 4 Global terrorism and the state of
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Page 90 and 91: The problem of the status of terror
Page 92 and 93: Global terrorism and permanent exce
Page 106 and 107: 8 The National Security Strategy (2
Page 110 and 111: 5 Partisan warfare, terrorism and t
Page 112 and 113: Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
Page 118 and 119: fight a ‘war against terrorism’
Page 120 and 121: 6 War, violence and the displacemen
Page 122 and 123: War, violence and the political 109
Page 124 and 125: ian) values tends towards its total
Page 138 and 139: Crossing the line? 125 he traces th
Page 140 and 141: Crossing the line? 127 one hand, th
Page 142 and 143: Crossing the line? 129 followed the
Page 144 and 145: Crossing the line? 131 unmediated m
Page 146 and 147: Crossing the line? 133 of the indiv
Page 148 and 149: Crossing the line? 135 decision not
Page 150 and 151: Crossing the line? 137 The War on T
Page 152 and 153: Crossing the line? 139 emptive wars
Page 154 and 155: 2 Schmitt documents how, in fact, t
Page 156: Crossing the line? 143 —— (1996
Page 160 and 161: 8 Carl Schmitt’s warning on the d
Page 162 and 163: The dangers of a unipolar world 149
Page 164 and 165: The dangers of a unipolar world 151
Page 166 and 167: neo-liberal model of globalization
Page 168 and 169: The re-emerging notion of Empire 15
Page 170 and 171: more traditional meaning - de Benoi
Page 172 and 173: From the standpoint of the transiti
Page 176 and 177: Notes 1A millet was a religious com
Page 180 and 181: Against world unity 167 in the seco
Page 182 and 183: Against world unity 169 unlikely) p
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Against world unity 171 this triple
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Against world unity 173 an impossib
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Against world unity 175 the contemp
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‘the day world politics comes to
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emerging global constitution.... In
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Against world unity 181 with indust
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Against world unity 183 Kratochwil,
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11 The evolution of European Union
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the jus publicum Europaeum and the
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 189
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values, which nonetheless were valu
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the individual global settings that
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integral part of the legal systems
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These structural principles are not
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seen as the first and most obvious
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 201
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12 A terrifying world without an ex
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A terrifying world without an exter
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exception proves everything: It con
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Schmitt, this radically conservativ
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Notes A terrifying world without an
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It is from this perspective that th
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The ethos of insecure life 225 enem
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The ethos of insecure life 227 and
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part to decisionism. Yet the images
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The ethos of insecure life 231 it.
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The ethos of insecure life 233 Domi
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The ethos of insecure life 235 diff
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Conclusion The ethos of insecure li
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10 For a more detailed argument on
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The ethos of insecure life 241 Stra
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Carl Schmitt viewed The Nomos of th
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Nomos: word and myth 245 If Michel
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Nomos: word and myth 247 cerned to
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The demonic nomos Nomos: word and m
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Nomos: word and myth 251 ence of 18
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Nomos: word and myth 253 picture. S
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ent kinds of police action. There w
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Notes 1 This and the following four
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Index 9/11 attacks 73, 78, 83-92, 9
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European Community 195, 196; contra
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245-6, 250, 255; globalization of 1
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terrorism 1, 76-9, 80-5, 88-9, 116,
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