The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal ...

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fight a ‘war against terrorism’, and is it possible to construct a new world order with no common rules? If the rules apply only to one side and not the other, then the result is mutual suicide. Clearly, that is not a political alternative, but rather a renunciation of the political. Politically speaking, the only logical policy against international terrorism, especially religious terrorism, is not ‘war’ as commonly understood, but what Schmitt called ‘pest control’, since the situation today exhibits the characteristics of what Schmitt called ‘global civil war’ (Schmitt 2003: 28, 305). Schmitt did not approve of either ‘pest control’ or ‘global civil war’, but he always faced squarely the ‘concrete situation’. Given the current situation, the only possible construct for a new world order at the present time is a common struggle against this new foe. But this is highly unlikely without a profound understanding of the transformation of war and enmity. Notes Partisan warfare, terrorism and a new nomos 105 1 For a contextualization of the core arguments of this chapter see my extensive introduction to Schmitt (2003: 9–34). 2 Although unacknowledged in the issue (Schmitt 2004a), this is my translation. However, shortly before publication, there were some editorial disagreements about some passages of my translation, which were changed, so I removed my name. Indicative of the problem is that the last sentence (2004a: 78) is garbled, which is why it differs from the one quoted here. In its present state, the translation is unreliable. My corrected translation will soon be published in book form by Telos Press. In the meantime, English-speaking readers may also consult the translation available in Schmitt (2004b). 3 In the introduction to Schmitt (2003), I wrote that ‘Globalization and new, larger political entities require a new political realism and a new political theory dealing with a new type of law regulating “international” relations.’ I deliberately put the word international in quotation marks, because I was looking beyond the age of nation-states. My focus was on larger political entities, which Schmitt had foreseen in his theory of Grossraum. The events of 11 September 2001 caused me to reassess the political situation: see Ulmen (2001). 4 Crefeld (1991) is on the right track, but he does not go far enough, even though his book on the transformation of war is touted as ‘The most radical reinterpretation of armed conflict since Clausewitz’. 5 Of course, here I can only indicate the scope of the problem. I intend to pursue this investigation in a monograph tentatively titled ‘The Transformation of War in the 21st Century’. 6 Recognition of this fact is not an endorsement of the thesis presented by Huntington (1996), which is too simplistic and is certainly not a solution for ‘the remaking of world order’. 7 Recognition of this fact, however, is not a license for torture, which was official French policy during the Algerian war, as described in vivid detail in General Paul Aussaresses (2002). Despite abuses by the Americans and the British in Iraq, which, in my opinion, have been duly punished, torture is not official American or British policy. But it is certainly necessary to treat terrorists differently than soldiers, which is why the incarcerations at Guantanamo are legitimate. 8 It is significant to note that both the Hague and the Geneva conventions occurred after the collapse of the jus publicum Europaeum. See Rosenne (2001) and ‘Geneva Conventions’, in thefreedictionary.com. 9 As regards the United States in particular, this is evident in two recent books with diametrically opposed positions by Sands (2006) and Yoo (2006).
106 G. L. Ulmen Bibliography Al-Quds al-’Arabi (1998) ‘Text of World Islamic Front’s statement arguing Jihad against Jews and Crusaders’, Al-Quds al-’Arabi, 23 February. Aussaresses, P. (2002) The Battle of the Casbah: terrorism and counter-terrorism in Algeria 1955–1957, New York: Enigma Books. Beckett, I. F. W. (2001) Encyclopedia of Guerrilla Warfare, New York: Checkmark Books. Crefeld, M. von (1991) The Transformation of War, New York: The Free Press. —— (1999) The Rise and Decline of the State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Edwards, L. P. (1942) ‘Civil war’, in Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 3, New York: Macmillan Company. Fischer, D. H. (2004) Washington’s Crossing, New York: Oxford University Press. Guevara, C. (1998) Guerrilla Warfare, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Hardman, J. B. S. (1942) ‘Terrorism’, in E. R. A. Seligman and A. Johnson (eds) Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 13, New York: Macmillan Company. Hoffman, B. (1998) Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press. Huntington, S. P. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon & Schuster. The 9/11 Commission Report (2004) Final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, authorized edn, New York and London: W. W. Norton. Mao Tse-tung (2000) On Guerrilla Warfare, trans. and introduced by S. B. Griffith, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000. Rosenne, S. (ed.) (2001) The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration: reports and documents, The Hague: TMC Asser Press. Sands, P. (2006) Lawless World: making and breaking global rules, New York: Penguin. Schmitt, C. (1950) Ex Captivitate Salus: Erfahrungen der Zeit 1945/47, Cologne: Greven Verlag. —— (1963a) Der Begriff des Politischen: Text von 1932 mit einem Vorwort und drei Corollarien, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot; (1996) The Concept of the Politica, trans. G. Schwab, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. —— (1963b) Theorie des Partisanen: Zwischenbemerkung zum Begriff des Politischen, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (1991) Glossarium: Aufzeichnungen der Jahre 1947–1951, ed. E. Freiherr von Medem, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. —— (2003) The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum, trans. and annotated by G. L. Ulmen, New York: Telos Press. —— (2004a) ‘Theory of the partisan: intermediate commentary on the concept of the political’, Telos, 127: 11–78. —— (2004b) The Theory of the Partisan: a commentary/remark on the concept of the political, trans. A. C. Goodson, East Lausing: Michigan State University Press. Available online: www.msupress.msu.edu/journals/cr/. Schwab, G. (1987) ‘Enemy or foe: a conflict of modern politics’, Telos, 72: 194–201. Ulmen, G. L. (1987) ‘Return of the foe’, Telos, 72: 187–193. —— (2001) ‘The military significance of September 11’, Telos, 121: 174–184. Yoo, J. (2006) The Powers of War and Peace: The constitution and foreign affairs after 9/11, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
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The International Political Thought
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10 Ethics and Politics in Contempor
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The International Political Thought
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Contents Notes on contributors ix A
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Contributors Andreas Behnke is a Le
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Contributors xi Italy. He was edito
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Introduction The international poli
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Second, what is really at stake in
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Introduction 5 Schmitt, necessarily
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Introduction 7 According to Schmitt
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Introduction 9 which is a far cry f
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(1998), Ojakangas offers a metaphys
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The crisis of order (nomos): war, t
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Plettenberg, ‘an hazardous undert
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Introduction 17 ‘Theory of the Pa
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1 The ‘realist institutionalism
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The ‘realist institutionalism’
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which multinational Großräume led
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 39 fo
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Großraum in Central and Eastern Eu
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 43 (C
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 45 Ca
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 47 th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 49 Th
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 51 ec
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mentalists’ in the member states,
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Page 70 and 71: From humanized war to intervention
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Page 82: From humanized war to intervention
Page 86 and 87: 4 Global terrorism and the state of
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Page 90 and 91: The problem of the status of terror
Page 92 and 93: Global terrorism and permanent exce
Page 106 and 107: 8 The National Security Strategy (2
Page 110 and 111: 5 Partisan warfare, terrorism and t
Page 112 and 113: Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
Page 120 and 121: 6 War, violence and the displacemen
Page 122 and 123: War, violence and the political 109
Page 124 and 125: ian) values tends towards its total
Page 134 and 135: however, their presence, which keep
Page 138 and 139: Crossing the line? 125 he traces th
Page 140 and 141: Crossing the line? 127 one hand, th
Page 142 and 143: Crossing the line? 129 followed the
Page 144 and 145: Crossing the line? 131 unmediated m
Page 146 and 147: Crossing the line? 133 of the indiv
Page 148 and 149: Crossing the line? 135 decision not
Page 150 and 151: Crossing the line? 137 The War on T
Page 152 and 153: Crossing the line? 139 emptive wars
Page 154 and 155: 2 Schmitt documents how, in fact, t
Page 156: Crossing the line? 143 —— (1996
Page 160 and 161: 8 Carl Schmitt’s warning on the d
Page 162 and 163: The dangers of a unipolar world 149
Page 164 and 165: The dangers of a unipolar world 151
Page 166 and 167: neo-liberal model of globalization
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The re-emerging notion of Empire 15
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more traditional meaning - de Benoi
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From the standpoint of the transiti
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Notes 1A millet was a religious com
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Against world unity 167 in the seco
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Against world unity 169 unlikely) p
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Against world unity 171 this triple
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Against world unity 173 an impossib
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Against world unity 175 the contemp
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‘the day world politics comes to
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emerging global constitution.... In
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Against world unity 181 with indust
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Against world unity 183 Kratochwil,
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11 The evolution of European Union
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the jus publicum Europaeum and the
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 189
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values, which nonetheless were valu
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the individual global settings that
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integral part of the legal systems
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These structural principles are not
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seen as the first and most obvious
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 201
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12 A terrifying world without an ex
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A terrifying world without an exter
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exception proves everything: It con
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Schmitt, this radically conservativ
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Notes A terrifying world without an
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It is from this perspective that th
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The ethos of insecure life 225 enem
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The ethos of insecure life 227 and
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part to decisionism. Yet the images
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The ethos of insecure life 231 it.
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The ethos of insecure life 233 Domi
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The ethos of insecure life 235 diff
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Conclusion The ethos of insecure li
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10 For a more detailed argument on
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The ethos of insecure life 241 Stra
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Carl Schmitt viewed The Nomos of th
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Nomos: word and myth 245 If Michel
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Nomos: word and myth 247 cerned to
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The demonic nomos Nomos: word and m
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Nomos: word and myth 251 ence of 18
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Nomos: word and myth 253 picture. S
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ent kinds of police action. There w
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Notes 1 This and the following four
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Index 9/11 attacks 73, 78, 83-92, 9
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European Community 195, 196; contra
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245-6, 250, 255; globalization of 1
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terrorism 1, 76-9, 80-5, 88-9, 116,
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