The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal ...

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8 The National Security Strategy (2002: 14). 9 It is the same idea that we find in Machiavelli (as when he cites the example of Cincinnatus) and, during the modern period, in the famous work of Rossiter (1948). 10 Ferejohn and Pasquino (2004) do not hesitate to argue that the constitutional possibility of suspending the law is a characteristic trait of the ‘non-absolutist western legal tradition’. See also Negretto and Rivera (2000) and Ackerman (2004). 11 War Powers Resolutions, proclamation no. 7463 (14 September 2001). 12 In November 2003, Congress passed an amendment to the Patriot Act (‘Patriot II’) which permits federal agencies to require that internet providers give them information without needing judicial approval. Also, the ‘Domestic Security Enhancement Act’ of 2003 allows the authorities to deprive any citizen accused of terrorism of his citizenship, giving to the public authorities a discretionary power in terms of the recognition of citizenship. These measures have been renewed in 2005. For more details, see Scheppele (2004), who specifies that he has examined the circumstances under which these measures were taken ‘in the light of Carl Schmitt’s writings on the nature of the state of exception’. 13 The Hague and Geneva conventions stipulate that civil populations must never be used as targets, and that prisoners must be well treated. Concerning persons suspected of terrorism, these stipulations were officially declared ‘obsolete’ by Alberto Gonzales, Attorney General of the United States, when he was still a member of the White House staff. 14 See Amnesty International Annual Report (2005: Foreword). On Guantánamo prison, see Bribosia and Weyembergh (2003); Saar and Novak (2005). Johns (2005) paradoxically supports the idea that such a prison comes more under the norm than the exception, and proposes a very heterodox reading of Carl Schmitt’s doctrine. In November 2003, the Supreme Court of the United States decided to make a decision about the legality of the detention of foreigners at Guantánamo. On 28 June 2004, it declared that the Guantánamo base was well under the jurisdiction of the United States, and accorded to the detainees the right to contest their imprisonment before an American court. In March 2006, the American authorities were forced to reveal the names of the detainees in Guantánamo. Also, on 29 June 2006, the last day of its term, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the military commissions which had been established to try the detainees of Guantánamo Bay lack ‘the power to proceed because its structure and procedures violate both the UCMJ [Uniform Code of Military Justice] and the four Geneva Conventions signed in 1949’ (2006: 4). 15 Today, we possess enough information and testimonies to know that torture has been used constantly, in the context of the war in Iraq and the fight against terrorism; see Levinson (2004: 5–9). 16 See Masset (2005); on the consequences of the adoption of the ‘Patriot Act’ on the citizens of the United States, see Steinmetz (2003); Williams (2003); Norris (2004); Hamm (2005); Harvey and Volat (2006). Bibliography Global terrorism and permanent exception 93 Ackerman, B. (2004) ‘The emergency constitution’, Yale Law Journal, 113: 1029–1076. Agamben, G. (2005) State of Exception, trans. K. Attell, Chicago: Chicago University Press; (2003) Stato di eccezione, Turin: Bollati Boringhieri. Alexander, Y. and Latter, R. (eds) (1990) Terrorism and the Media: dilemmas for government, journalists and the public, Washington, DC: Brassey’s. Amnesty International (2005) Report 2005: the state of the world’s human rights, London: Amnesty International.
94 A. de Benoist Assheuer, T. (2001) ‘Geistige Wiederbewaffnung: Nach den Terroranschlägen erlebt der Staatsrechtler Carl Schmitt eine Renaissance’, Die Zeit (Hamburg), 15 November, p. 54. Barnett, T. P. M. (2004) The Pentagon’s New Map: war and peace in the twenty-first century, New York: Putnam. Baudrillard, J. (2001) L’esprit du terrorisme, Paris: Galilée; trans. Chris Turner (2002) The Spirit of Terrorism and Requiem for the Twin Towers, London: Verso. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: towards a new modernity, trans. Mark Ritter, London: Sage; (1986) Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne, Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp. Berman, P. (2003) Terror and Liberalism, New York: W. W. Norton. Bribosia, E. and Weyembergh, A. (2003) Lutte contre le terrorisme et droits fondamentaux, Brussels: Bruylant. Chaliand, G. (1997) ‘La mesure du terrorisme’, Stratégique (Paris), 2–3: 3–4. Cockburn, P. (1996) ‘Clinton backed Baghdad bombers’, The Independent (London), 26 March. Coolsaet, R. (2004) Le mythe Al-Qaida: Le terrorisme, symptôme d’une société malade, Bierges: Mols. Corm, G. (2005) Orient–Occident: La fracture imaginaire, 2nd edn, Paris: Découverte. Daase, C. (2002) ‘Terrorismus und Krieg: Zukunftsszenarien politischer Gewalt nach dem 11. September 2001’, in R. Voigt (ed.), Krieg – Instrument der Politik? Bewaffnete Konflikte im Übergang vom 20. zum 21. Jahrhundert, Baden-Baden: Nomos. Dal Lago, A. (2003) Polizia globale: Guerra e conflitti dopo l’11 settembre, Verona: Ombre corta. Derrida, J. (2004) ‘Qu’est-ce que le terrorisme?: interview with Giovanna Borradori’, Le Monde Diplomatique (Paris), February, p. 16. Falk, R. (1986) ‘Thinking about terrorism’, The Nation, 28 June. Ferejohn, J. and Pasquino, P. (2004) ‘The law of the exception: a typology of emergency powers’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2, 2: 210–239. Grey, S. (2005) ‘Les Etats-Unis inventent la délocalisation de la torture’, Le Monde Diplomatique (Paris), April, pp. 1, 10–11. Gross, O. (2001) ‘On terrorism and other criminals: states of emergency and the criminal legal system’, in E. Lederman (ed.), Directions in Criminal Liability: Inquiries in the Theory of Criminal Law, Tel-Aviv: Israel Bar Association. Hacke, J. (2002) ‘Mit Carl Schmitt in den Krieg – mit Carl Schmitt gegen den Krieg’, Ästhetik und Kommunikation (Berlin), 33, 118: 29–32. Hamm, B. (ed.) (2005) Devastating Society: the neo-conservative assault on democracy and justice, London: Pluto Press. Harvey, R. and Volat, H. (2006) De l’exception à la règle: USA Patriot Act, Paris: Lignes-Manifestes. Hassner, P. (2003) La terreur et l’empire, Paris: Seuil. Ignatieff, M. (2004) The Lesser Evil: politics and ethics in an age of terror, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Johns, F. (2005) ‘Guantánamo bay and the annihilation of the exception’, European Journal of International Law, 16, 4: 613–635. Kemp, P. (2004) ‘Terroristes, ou anges vengeurs’, Esprit (Paris), May: 17–24. Klitsche de la Grange, T. (2001) ‘Osservazioni sul terrorismo post-moderno’, Behemoth (Rome), 30.
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The International Political Thought
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10 Ethics and Politics in Contempor
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The International Political Thought
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Contents Notes on contributors ix A
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Contributors Andreas Behnke is a Le
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Contributors xi Italy. He was edito
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Introduction The international poli
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Second, what is really at stake in
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Introduction 5 Schmitt, necessarily
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Introduction 7 According to Schmitt
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Introduction 9 which is a far cry f
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(1998), Ojakangas offers a metaphys
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The crisis of order (nomos): war, t
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Plettenberg, ‘an hazardous undert
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Introduction 17 ‘Theory of the Pa
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1 The ‘realist institutionalism
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The ‘realist institutionalism’
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which multinational Großräume led
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Geopolitics and grosspolitics 39 fo
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Großraum in Central and Eastern Eu
Page 56 and 57: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 43 (C
Page 58 and 59: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 45 Ca
Page 60 and 61: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 47 th
Page 62 and 63: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 49 Th
Page 64 and 65: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 51 ec
Page 66 and 67: mentalists’ in the member states,
Page 68 and 69: Geopolitics and grosspolitics 55
Page 70 and 71: From humanized war to intervention
Page 72 and 73: virtue, and is undermined by the ha
Page 74 and 75: The United States and international
Page 80 and 81: Hitler to carve out for Germany an
Page 82: From humanized war to intervention
Page 86 and 87: 4 Global terrorism and the state of
Page 88 and 89: evolutionary war is genuine war, be
Page 90 and 91: The problem of the status of terror
Page 92 and 93: Global terrorism and permanent exce
Page 110 and 111: 5 Partisan warfare, terrorism and t
Page 112 and 113: Partisan warfare, terrorism and a n
Page 118 and 119: fight a ‘war against terrorism’
Page 120 and 121: 6 War, violence and the displacemen
Page 122 and 123: War, violence and the political 109
Page 124 and 125: ian) values tends towards its total
Page 134 and 135: however, their presence, which keep
Page 138 and 139: Crossing the line? 125 he traces th
Page 140 and 141: Crossing the line? 127 one hand, th
Page 142 and 143: Crossing the line? 129 followed the
Page 144 and 145: Crossing the line? 131 unmediated m
Page 146 and 147: Crossing the line? 133 of the indiv
Page 148 and 149: Crossing the line? 135 decision not
Page 150 and 151: Crossing the line? 137 The War on T
Page 152 and 153: Crossing the line? 139 emptive wars
Page 154 and 155: 2 Schmitt documents how, in fact, t
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Crossing the line? 143 —— (1996
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8 Carl Schmitt’s warning on the d
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The dangers of a unipolar world 149
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The dangers of a unipolar world 151
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neo-liberal model of globalization
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The re-emerging notion of Empire 15
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more traditional meaning - de Benoi
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From the standpoint of the transiti
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Notes 1A millet was a religious com
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Against world unity 167 in the seco
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Against world unity 169 unlikely) p
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Against world unity 171 this triple
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Against world unity 173 an impossib
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Against world unity 175 the contemp
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‘the day world politics comes to
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emerging global constitution.... In
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Against world unity 181 with indust
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Against world unity 183 Kratochwil,
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11 The evolution of European Union
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the jus publicum Europaeum and the
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 189
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values, which nonetheless were valu
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the individual global settings that
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integral part of the legal systems
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These structural principles are not
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seen as the first and most obvious
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EU law and the nomos of Europe 201
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12 A terrifying world without an ex
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A terrifying world without an exter
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exception proves everything: It con
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Schmitt, this radically conservativ
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Notes A terrifying world without an
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It is from this perspective that th
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The ethos of insecure life 225 enem
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The ethos of insecure life 227 and
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part to decisionism. Yet the images
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The ethos of insecure life 231 it.
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The ethos of insecure life 233 Domi
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The ethos of insecure life 235 diff
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Conclusion The ethos of insecure li
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10 For a more detailed argument on
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The ethos of insecure life 241 Stra
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Carl Schmitt viewed The Nomos of th
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Nomos: word and myth 245 If Michel
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Nomos: word and myth 247 cerned to
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The demonic nomos Nomos: word and m
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Nomos: word and myth 251 ence of 18
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Nomos: word and myth 253 picture. S
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ent kinds of police action. There w
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Notes 1 This and the following four
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Index 9/11 attacks 73, 78, 83-92, 9
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European Community 195, 196; contra
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245-6, 250, 255; globalization of 1
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terrorism 1, 76-9, 80-5, 88-9, 116,
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