W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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xiv About thE Editors Professor Nidal Hilal is a Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers and currently the Director of the Centre for Clean Water Technologies at the University of Nottingham. He obtained a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Wales in 1988. Over the years, he has made a major contribution becoming an internationally leading expert in the application of Atomic Force Microscopy in process engineering and membrane technology. Professor Hilal is the author of over 300 refereed publications, including 4 textbooks and 11 invited chapters in international handbooks. In recognition of his substantial and sustained contribution to scientific knowledge, he was awarded a senior doctorate, Doctor of Science (DSc), from the University of Wales and the Kuwait Prize for Water Resources Development in 2005. He is a member of the editorial boards for a number of international journals and an advisor for international organizations including the Lifeboat Foundation. He is also on the panel of referees for the UK and international Research Councils. Professor Hilal acknowledges His Majesty King Abdullah Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud of Saudi Arabia, who is a keen advocate for nanotechnology and process engineering, particularly in the field of desalination and water research for the benefit of all humanity.
List of Contributors Prof. W. Richard Bowen, FREng i-NewtonWales, 54 Llwyn y mor, Caswell, Swansea, SA3 4RD, UK wrichardbowen@i-newtonwales.org.uk Prof. Nidal Hilal, DSc Director of Centre for Clean Water Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK nidal.hilal@nottingham.ac.uk Prof. Clive J. Roberts Director of Nottingham Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK clive.roberts@nottingham.ac.uk Dr Huabing Yin Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK hy@elec.gla.ac.uk Dr Vasileios Koutsos Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering and Centre for Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK vasileios.koutsos@ed.ac.uk Prof. P. Rhodri Williams Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, School of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK p.r.williams@swansea.ac.uk Dr Paul Melvyn Williams Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, School of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK paul.melvyn.williams@swansea.ac.uk Dr Matthew Barrow Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, School of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK m.s.barrow@swansea.ac.uk xv
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48 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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C H A P T E R 4 Investigating Membr
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.5 EFFECTs OF sURFACE ROUgHNEss ON
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4.6 ‘vIsUALIsATION’ OF THE REjE
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4.7 THE UsE OF AFM IN MEMbRANE dEvE
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Dfractional 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
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4.8 CHARACTERIsATION OF METAL sURFA
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At pH 5.5, dissolution began to occ
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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. H
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C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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The antibacterial activity of initi
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 147 t
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 149 B
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Force (nN m -1 ) Loading force (mN
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 153 p
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 20 15 10
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 161 F
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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Å 200 100 0 5.4 MODIFICATION OF ME
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AbbrEvIAtIonS And SyMbolS NOM Natur
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REFERENCEs 171 [29] W.R. Bowen, T.A
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174 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMA
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196 7. MICRO/NANOENgINEERINg ANd AF
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226 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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246 9. APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE
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276 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs most AFM s
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278 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs targeted d
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A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion,
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Natural organic matter, 140 Negativ
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W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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