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74 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd SURFACE INTERACTIONS References [1] B.V. Derjaguin, Analysis of friction and adhesion IV. The theory of the adhesion of small particles, Kolloid-Zeitschrift 69 (2) (1934) 155–164. [2] J.N. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and surface forces, Academic Press, London, 1992. [3] I.U. Vakarelski, K. Higashitani, Single-nanoparticle-terminated tips for scanning probe microscopy, Langmuir 22 (2006) 2931–2934. [4] W.A. Ducker, T.J. Senden, Measurement of forces in liquids using a force microscope, Langmuir 8 (7) (1992) 1831–1836. [5] J.E. Lennard-Jones, Cohesion, Proc. Phys. Soc. 43 (5) (1931) 461–482. [6] F. London, Some characteristics and uses of molecular force, Zeitschrift Fur Physikalische Chemie-Abteilung B-Chemie Der Elementarprozesse Aufbau Der Materie 11 (2/3) (1930) 222–251. [7] F. London, The general theory of molecular forces, Trans. Faraday Soc. 33 (1937) 8–26. [8] H.C. Hamaker, The London–van der Waals attraction between spherical particles, Physica 4 (10) (1937) 1058–1072. [9] J.H. de Boer, The influence of van der Waals’ forces and primary bonds on binding energy, strength and orientation, with special reference to some artificial resins, Trans. Faraday Soc. 32 (1936) 10–37. [10] V.A. Parsegian, Van Der Waals Forces: A Handbook for Biologists, Chemists, Engineering and Physicists, Cambridge University Press, 2006. [11] E.M. Lifshitz, The theory of molecular attractive forces between solids, Sov. Phys. 2 (1) (1956) 73–83. [12] P.F. Luckham, Manipulating forces between surfaces: applications in colloid science and biophysics, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 111 (2004) 29–47. [13] B. Capella, G. Dietler, Force–distance curves by atomic force microscopy, Surf. Sci. Rep. 34 (1999) 1–104. [14] H.B.G. Casimir, D. Polder, The influence of retardation on the London–van der Waals forces, Phys. Rev. 73 (4) (1948) 360–372. [15] B.W. Ninham, V.A. Parsegian, Van der Waals forces: special characteristics in lipid– water systems and general method of calculation based on the Lifshitz theory, Biophys. J. 10 (1970) 646–663. [16] D.B. Hough, L.R. White, The calculation of Hamaker constants from Lifshitz theory with applications to wetting, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 40 (1980) 8–41. [17] R.G. Horn, J.N. Israelachvili, Measurement of structural forces between two particles in a non-polar liquid, J. Chem. Phys. 75 (1981) 1400–1411. [18] W.B. Russel, D.A. Saville, W.R. Schowalter, Colloidal Dispersions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. [19] J. Manhanty, B.W. Ninham, Dispersion Forces (1976) Academic Press, London. [20] P.D. Ashby, L. Chen, L.C.M., Probing intermolecular forces and potentials with magnetic feedback chemical force microscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 9467–9472. [21] H.-J. Butt, B. Capella, M. Kapple, Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: technique, interpretation and applications, Sur. Sci. Rep. 59 (2005) 1–152. [22] S. Das, P.A. Sreeram, A.K. Raychaudhuri, A method to quantitatively evaluate the Hamaker constant using the jump-into-contact effect in atomic force microscopy, Nanotechnology 18 (2007) 035501. [23] S. Assemi, J. Nalaskowski, W.P. Johnson, Direct force measurements between carboxylate-modified latex microspheres and glass using atomic force microscopy, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 286 (2006) 70–77. [24] E.J.W. Verwey, J.T.G. Overbeek, Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids, Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc, Amsterdam, 1948. [25] O. Stern, The theory of the electrolytic double shift, Z. Elektrochem. 30 (1924) 508–516. [26] R.J. Hunter, Foundations of Colloid Science, second ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.
REFERENCES 75 [27] G.M. Bell, S. Levine, L.N. McCartney, Approximate methods of determining the double- layer free energy of interaction between two charged colloidal spheres, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 33 (3) (1970) 335–359. [28] J. Gregory, Interaction of unequal double layers at constant charge, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 51 (1975) 44–51. [29] R.I. Hogg, T.W. Healey, D.W. Fuerstenau, Mutual coagulation of colloidal dispersions, Trans. Faraday Soc. 62 (1966) 1638–1651. [30] G.R. Wiese, T.W. Healy, Effect of particle size on colloid stability, Trans. Faraday Soc. 66 (1970) 490–500. [31] H. Ohshima, T. Kondo, Comparison of three models on double layer interaction, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 126 (1988) 382–383. [32] G. Kar, S. Chander, T.S. Mika, The potential energy of interaction between dissimilar electrical double layers, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 44 (1973) 347–355. [33] L.N. McCartney, S. Levine, An improvement on Derjaguin’s expression at small potentials for the double-layer interaction energy of two spherical colloidal particles, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 30 (1969) 345–354. [34] H. Muller, Zur Theorie der elektrischen Ladung und der Koagulation der Kolloide, Kolloidchemische Beihefte 26 (1928) 257. [35] N.E. Hoskin, Solution to the Poisson–Boltzmann equation for the potential distribution in the double layer of a single spherical colloidal particle, Trans. Faraday Soc. 49 (1953) 1471. [36] A.L. Loeb, P.H. Weirsema, J.T.G. Overbeek, The electrical double layer around a spherical colloid particle, MIT Press, Cambridge Mass, 1961. [37] W.R. Bowen, F. Jenner, Dynamic ultrafiltration model for charged colloidal dispersions: a Wigner–Seitz cell approach, Chem. Eng. Sci. 50 (1995) 1707. [38] W.R. Bowen, A.O. Sharif, Adaptive finite-element solution of the nonlinear Poisson– Boltzmann equation: a charged spherical particle at various distances from a charged cylindrical pore in a charged planar surface, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 187 (1997) 363. [39] J.J. Gray, B. Chiang, R.T. Bonnecaze, Colloidal particles: origin of anomalous multibody interactions, Nature 402 (1999) 705. [40] N.E. Hoskin, The interaction of 2 identical spherical colloidal particles. 1. Potential distribution, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.) A 248 (1956) 433. [41] J.E. Ledbetter, T.L. Croxton, D.A. McQuarrie, The interaction of two charged spheres in the Poisson–Boltzmann equation, Can. J. Chem. 59 (1981) 1860. [42] C.W. Outhwaite, P. Molero, Effective interaction between colloidal particles using a symmetric Poisson–Boltzmann theory, Chem. Phys. Lett. 197 (1992) 643–648. [43] J.E. Sanchez-Sanchez, M. Lozada-Cassou, Exact numerical solution to the integral equation version of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation of two interacting spherical colloidal particles. Chem. Phys. Lett. (190) (1992) 202–208. [44] M. Strauss, T.A. Ring, H.K. Bowen, Osmotic pressure for concentrated suspensions of polydisperse particles with thick double layers, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 118 (1987) 326–334. [45] W.R. Bowen, P.M. Williams, Finite difference solution of the 2-dimensional Poisson– Boltzmann equation for spheres in confined geometries, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 204 (2002) 103–115. [46] M. Ospeck, S. Fraden solving the Poisson–Boltzmann equation to obtain information energies between confined, like-charged cylinders, J. Chem. Phys. 109 (1998) 9166. [47] W.R. Bowen, P.M. Williams, Dynamic ultafiltration model for proteins: a colloidal interaction approach, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 50 (2) (1996) 125–135. [48] B.W. Ninham, V.A. Parsegian, Electrostatic potential between surfaces bearing ionizable groups in ionic equilibrium with physiological saline solution, J. Theor. Biol. 31 (1971) 405–428. [49] J.R. Brown, P. Shockley. In: P. Jost, H. Griffiths (Eds.), Lipid–Protein Interactions, New York, Wiley, 1982, p. 25. [50] C. Tanford, S.A. Swanson, W.S. Shore, Hydrogen ion equilibria of bovine serum albumin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 6414.
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x Preface in their work. Hence, it
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xii Preface them from hostile condi
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xiv About thE Editors Professor Nid
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xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel
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2 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FOR
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4.7 THE UsE OF AFM IN MEMbRANE dEvE
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Dfractional 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
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4.8 CHARACTERIsATION OF METAL sURFA
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At pH 5.5, dissolution began to occ
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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. H
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C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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The antibacterial activity of initi
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 147 t
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 149 B
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Force (nN m -1 ) Loading force (mN
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 153 p
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 20 15 10
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 161 F
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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Å 200 100 0 5.4 MODIFICATION OF ME
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AbbrEvIAtIonS And SyMbolS NOM Natur
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REFERENCEs 171 [29] W.R. Bowen, T.A
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174 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMA
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196 7. MICRO/NANOENgINEERINg ANd AF
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226 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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246 9. APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE
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276 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs most AFM s
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278 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs targeted d
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A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion,
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Natural organic matter, 140 Negativ
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