W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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30 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROsCOPy [123] N. Hilal, W.R. Bowen, Atomic force microscopy study of the rejection of colloids by membrane pores, Desalination 150 (2002) 289–295. [124] W.R. Bowen, N. Hilal, R.W. Lovitt, C.J. Wright, Direct measurement of the force of adhesion of a single biological cell using an atomic force microscope, Colloids Surf. A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 136 (1998) 231–234. [125] X. Li, B.E. Logan, Analysis of bacterial adhesion using a gradient force analysis method and colloid probe atomic force microscopy, Langmuir 20 (2004) 8817–8822. [126] M.S. Barrow, W.S. Bowen, N. Hilal, A. Al-Hussany, P.R. Williams, R.L. Williams, C.J. Wright, A study of the tensile properties of liquids in confined spaces using an atomic force microscope, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 459 (2003) 2885–2908.
C H A P T E R 2 Measurement of Particle and Surface Interactions Using Force Microscopy Nidal Hilal, Daniel Johnson, W. Richard Bowen and Paul M. Williams O U T L I N E 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Colloid Probes 32 2.3 Interaction Forces 35 2.3.1 van der Waals Forces 35 2.3.2 Electrical Double Layer Forces 44 2.3.3 DLVO Theory 53 2.3.4 Solvation Forces 58 2.3.5 Steric Interaction Forces 62 2.3.6 Hydrophobic Interaction Forces 63 2.3.7 Effect of Hydrodynamic Drag on AFM Force Measurements 66 2.4 Adhesion Forces Measured by AFM 67 2.4.1 Contact Mechanics and Adhesion 67 2.5 Effect of Roughness on Measured Adhesion and Surface Forces 70 Abbreviations and Symbols 70 Greek Symbols 73 References 74 Atomic Force Microscopy in Process Engineering 31 © 2009, Elsevier Ltd
Page 2 and 3: Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint
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Page 8 and 9: xiv About thE Editors Professor Nid
Page 10 and 11: xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel
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80 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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82 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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100 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-B
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C H A P T E R 4 Investigating Membr
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.5 EFFECTs OF sURFACE ROUgHNEss ON
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4.6 ‘vIsUALIsATION’ OF THE REjE
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4.7 THE UsE OF AFM IN MEMbRANE dEvE
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Dfractional 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
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4.8 CHARACTERIsATION OF METAL sURFA
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At pH 5.5, dissolution began to occ
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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. H
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C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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The antibacterial activity of initi
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 147 t
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 149 B
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Force (nN m -1 ) Loading force (mN
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 153 p
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 20 15 10
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 161 F
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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Å 200 100 0 5.4 MODIFICATION OF ME
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AbbrEvIAtIonS And SyMbolS NOM Natur
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REFERENCEs 171 [29] W.R. Bowen, T.A
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174 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMA
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196 7. MICRO/NANOENgINEERINg ANd AF
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226 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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246 9. APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE
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276 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs most AFM s
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278 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs targeted d
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A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion,
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Natural organic matter, 140 Negativ
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W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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