W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

24 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROsCOPy
T Absolute temperature K
v 0 Unloaded resonant frequency Hz
v 1 Loaded resonant frequency Hz
w Cantilever width m
x Deflection of cantilever m
� Inside angle of V-shaped cantilever °
� i Imaginary component of hydrodynamic function –
� hard Contact slope versus hard surface nm V �1
� ref Contact slope measured versus reference cantilever nm V �1
� f Density of surrounding fluid Pa s
ϕ Angle between cantilever and reference lever °
� f Fundamental resonant frequency of lever Hz
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