W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion, 67–70, 198, 202, 226, 234, 246 drug particles, 174–76, 178–79, 182, 184 forces, 67–70, 81, 91–93, 97, 141–43, 151–63, 164–66 particles to bubbles, 83–85, 90, 91 particles to membranes, 112, 113, 122 Adhesives, 248–49 AFM-optical microscope, 211 Aggregation, 229, 236 Apparatus coefficient, 255 Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), 197, 203–04 Atomic force acoustic microscopy, 252 B Biaxial extension, 248 Biocompatibility, 226 Biofilms, 135 Block copolymer, 228, 236–237 Boundary conditions, 49 charge regulation, 49 constant surface charge, 49 constant surface potential, 49 constant zeta potential, 49 Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), 49 C Capillary forces, 10, 15, 18, 90, 94, 230 Cauchy Plot, 41 Cavitation, 246–47, 259–61 Cell membrane, 197 Collagen fibres, 205 Cell model, 52 Cell probe, 113 Charging of surface, 44 Chemisorption, 227 Chloride ion binding, 51 Coating flows, 247 Colloid probe, 22–23, 32, 55, 69, 111, 112, 210, 248, 253–55, 265–67 coated, 113 membrane measurements, 151–63, 164–66 particle bubble measurements, 82, 91–93, 96, 99 Index 281 Colloidal gas aphrons, 95–97 Colloidal lithography, 203, 207 Cytoplasm, 197 Cytoskeleton, 197, 212, 217 Complex modulus, 252–53 Confined fluids, 252–56, 259–67 Contact angles, 88–91 Contact mode, 9 Convolution, 230–31 Corrosion metal, 132 Counterions, 47 Critical flux, 123 D Damping coefficient, 254–55 Density, 247, 256–59 Derjaguin approximation, 33 Derjaguin, Muller Toporov model, 67, 178 Dewetting, 229, 236 DLVO theory, 53–54, 154 forces, 54–58, 91, 93 DMT model, see Derjaguin, Muller Toporov model Dry powder inhalator, 174–76 Dynamic AFM, 2, 10–11, 249–56 E Effective stiffness, 43 Elastic modulus, 180–81 see also Young’s modulus Elasticity, 214 Electrical double layer interactions, 47–53 analytical solutions, 47 numerical solutions, 48 Electromechanical oscillator, 252 Electron beam lithography (EBL), 203, 208 Extracellular matrix (ECM), 195, 205 proteins, 196, 197, 207 Electropolishing, 130 Electrostatic interactions, 111, 121, 227 Entropic elasticity, 234 Exponential damping length, 258 Extensional flow, 261 Extensional rheometer, 261
282 InDEx F Filamentation, 259, 261–62, 264–67 Film splitting, 247, 267 Filopodia, 198, 207, 212 Focal adhesion, 197–8 Focal complex, 198 Force between two spheres, 33 Force distance curve, 111, 112, 117 Force map, 250 Force modulation, 12, 249 Force oscillations, 61 Force volume imaging, 11 Formulation, 174–75, 178, 182, 185–87, 188–90 Fourier transform, 256 Friction force microscopy, 21, 248 Frictional force mode, 12 Frictional forces, 12, 63, 178–79, 248 see also Lateral force Froth flotation, 82 Functionalised surface, 199 G Gouy-Chapman theory, 45–46 Grafting density, 228, 231–233 H Hamaker constant, 38–42 calculation of, 40 pairwise addition, 38 Hardness, 180 Hertz model, 12, 180–82, 214–7, 248 High-speed video microscopy, 263 Humic acid, 166 Humic substances, 140 Humidity, 175–77, 183, 186 Hydration forces, 59–60 Hydrodynamic drag, 66 Hydrodynamic forces, 63, 84–85, 98–100 Hydrodynamic function, 17, 257–58 Hydrodynamic lubrication, 253–54 Hydrophobic surfaces, 64 I Imaging in liquid, 116, 123 Indentation, 179–82, 215, 247, 251 Inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), 46 Integrins, 197 Intermittent contact mode, see Tapping mode Isopotential lines, 119 J JKR model, see Johnson, Kendall, Roberts model Johnson, Kendall, Roberts model, 12, 67, 84, 178 L Lamellipodia, 198 Living cells, 212–4 Lateral force, 12–22, 248–49 Lateral resolution, 226 Lennard-Jones potential, 36–37 Lifshitz theory, 38, 40 Light intensifier, 264–65 Line tension, 89 Liquid bridge, 255, 261, 265–68 Liquid structure, 58–59 Loading force, 234–35 bubble, 97 membrane, 151–60 Loss modulus, 253 M Macromolecules, 225, 229 Membrane characterisation, 141 Membranes, 57, 107–26 development, 124–26 fouling, 57, 68, 140–44 Mesoscale, 246, 261 Metal surfaces, 126 Metastability, 260 Microcontact printing, 201 Micropatterning, 199 Microsphere indentation, 210 Microfilament, 264–67 Microfiltration, 108 Microfoams, 95–97 Micromanipulator, 34 Microrheometry, 247, 261–68 Microsensor, 247 Modification of filtration membranes, 139–68 Molecular weight cut-off, 113 Monolayers, 226–30, 233–34, 236–39 Multiparticle interaction, 52–53 n Nanofiltration, 108 Nanoimprint lithography (NIL), 203 Nanopatterning, 203, 226–28, 233 Nanotopography, 205–6
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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint
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x Preface in their work. Hence, it
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xii Preface them from hostile condi
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xiv About thE Editors Professor Nid
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xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel
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2 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FOR
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20 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FO
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32 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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82 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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100 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-B
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C H A P T E R 4 Investigating Membr
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.5 EFFECTs OF sURFACE ROUgHNEss ON
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4.6 ‘vIsUALIsATION’ OF THE REjE
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4.7 THE UsE OF AFM IN MEMbRANE dEvE
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Dfractional 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
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4.8 CHARACTERIsATION OF METAL sURFA
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At pH 5.5, dissolution began to occ
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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. H
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C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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The antibacterial activity of initi
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 147 t
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 149 B
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Force (nN m -1 ) Loading force (mN
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 153 p
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 20 15 10
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 161 F
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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Å 200 100 0 5.4 MODIFICATION OF ME
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AbbrEvIAtIonS And SyMbolS NOM Natur
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REFERENCEs 171 [29] W.R. Bowen, T.A
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174 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMA
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196 7. MICRO/NANOENgINEERINg ANd AF
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226 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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228 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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