W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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266 9. APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy late stages of separation of the surfaces, i.e. the liquid bridge is in contact with both the probe and the cantilever. Figure 9.12 shows the typical results obtained when attempting to generate a micro-CaBER experiment by the separation of a colloid probe and a flat surface coated with PDMS silicon oil. In this case, the size of the FIguRE 9.12 Selected frames documenting the thinning of a liquid bridge formed by the microscale separation of surfaces.
9.6 MESOSCALE ExPERIMENTAL STUdIES 267 sphere and the thickness of the fluid layer are such that only the underside of the colloid is wetted. In frame 01, meniscus effects can be seen, when the surfaces are separated, a microscale liquid bridge is formed, which persists at large separations. The liquid bridge thins until the filament fails between frames 07 and 08, leaving residual liquid on both the probe and the lower surface. The evolution of the filament profile closely resembles the macroscale CaBER results shown in Figure 9.7. Figure 9.13 shows the behaviour of a thin liquid film during the ‘highspeed’ separation of the surfaces. In this instance, the high rates of separation and the high stress invoked in the fluid initially resist separation of the surfaces. Ultimately, the confined liquid layer appears to yield spontaneously (frame 02), forming a residual filament (initially 10-�m long and 1.3-�m in diameter created at an apparent rate � 5000 �m s�1 . The liquid filament then thins and breaks, residual liquid can be observed in frame 04. The adaptation of an AFM to act as a microrheometer has several potential benefits. In conventional rheometry, the generation of high rates of deformation is difficult, particularly so in extensional flow techniques where the defining strain rate is approximated by the relationship �ε � . U/h. The uniaxial rate of extension of cylindrical filaments between separating surfaces is equal to the ratio of the separation velocity U and the instantaneous length of the filament h. FIguRE 9.13 The high-speed separation of surfaces bridged by a thin film of silicon oil (� � 12 Pa s). Frame interval is 2 m s.
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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint
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x Preface in their work. Hence, it
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xii Preface them from hostile condi
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xiv About thE Editors Professor Nid
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xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel
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2 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FOR
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20 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FO
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32 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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82 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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100 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-B
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C H A P T E R 4 Investigating Membr
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.5 EFFECTs OF sURFACE ROUgHNEss ON
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4.6 ‘vIsUALIsATION’ OF THE REjE
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4.7 THE UsE OF AFM IN MEMbRANE dEvE
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Dfractional 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
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4.8 CHARACTERIsATION OF METAL sURFA
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At pH 5.5, dissolution began to occ
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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. H
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C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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The antibacterial activity of initi
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 147 t
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 149 B
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Force (nN m -1 ) Loading force (mN
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 153 p
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 20 15 10
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 161 F
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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Å 200 100 0 5.4 MODIFICATION OF ME
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AbbrEvIAtIonS And SyMbolS NOM Natur
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REFERENCEs 171 [29] W.R. Bowen, T.A
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174 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMA
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196 7. MICRO/NANOENgINEERINg ANd AF
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Page 288 and 289: A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion,
Page 290: Natural organic matter, 140 Negativ
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W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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