W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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244 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd POLyMERS ON SURFACES [23] P.Y. Lai, K. Binder, Structure and dynamics of polymer brushes near the theta point – a Monte-Carlo Simulation, J. Chem. Phys. 97 (1992) 586–595. [24] G.S. Grest, M. Murat, Structure of grafted polymeric brushes in solvents of varying quality – a molecular-dynamics study, Macromolecules 26 (1993) 3108–3117. [25] H. Tang, I. Szleifer, Phase-behavior of grafted polymers in poor solvents, Europhys. Lett. 28 (1994) 19–24. [26] C. Yeung, A.C. Balazs, D. Jasnow, Lateral Instabilities in a grafted layer in a poor solvent, Macromolecules 26 (1993) 1914–1921. [27] K.G. Soga, H. Guo, M.J. Zuckermann, Polymer brushes in a poor solvent, Europhys. Lett. 29 (1995) 531–536. [28] R.S. Ross, P. Pincus, Bundles – end-grafted polymer layers in poor solvent, Europhys. Lett. 19 (1992) 79–84. [29] S. Alexander, Adsorption of chain molecules with a polar head – a scaling description, Journal de Physique 38 (1977) 983–987. [30] P.G. de Gennes, Conformations of polymers attached to an interface, Macromolecules 13 (1980) 1069–1075. [31] P.G. de Gennes, Polymers at an interface – a simplified view, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 27 (1987) 189–209. [32] A.Y. Grosberg, A.R. Khokhlov, Statistical physics of macromolecules, AIP Press, Woodbury, NY, 1994. [33] E. Glynos, S. Pispas, V. Koutsos, Amphiphilic diblock copolymers on mica: formation of flat polymer nanoislands and evolution to protruding surface micelles, Macromolecules 41 (2008) 4313–4320. [34] J. Hu, X.-d. Xiao, D.F. Ogletree, M. Salmeron, Imaging the condensation and evaporation of molecularly thin films of water with nanometer resolution, Science 268 (1995) 267–269. [35] J. Hu, X.-d. Xiao, D.F. Ogletree, M. Salmeron, Structure of molecularly thin films of water on mica in humid environments, Surf. Sci. 344 (1995) 221–236. [36] E. Glynos, A. Chremos, G. Petekidis, P.J. Camp, V. Koutsos, Polymer-like to soft colloidlike behavior of regular star polymers adsorbed on surfaces, Macromolecules 40 (2007) 6947–6958.
C H A P T E R 9 Application of Atomic Force Microscopy for the Study of Tensile and Microrheological Properties of Fluids Matthew S. Barrow and P. Rhodri Williams O U T L I N E 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 Dynamic AFM Methods for the Characterisation of Material Properties 249 9.3 Dynamic Modulation Studies on Confined Fluids 252 9.4 Determination of Rheological Properties from Resonance Spectra 256 9.5 Cavitation and Adhesive Failure of Thin Films 259 9.6 Mesoscale Experimental Studies of the Tensile Behaviour of Thin Fluid Films 261 Acknowledgements 269 List of Symbols 269 References 270 9.1 InTRoDuCTIon Atomic force microscopy is undeniably one of the most successful techniques for the characterisation of surfaces and is routinely used to describe structural details with nanoscale resolution [1]. The ability of atomic force 245
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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint
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x Preface in their work. Hence, it
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xii Preface them from hostile condi
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xiv About thE Editors Professor Nid
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xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel
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2 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FOR
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20 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FO
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32 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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82 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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100 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-B
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C H A P T E R 4 Investigating Membr
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.5 EFFECTs OF sURFACE ROUgHNEss ON
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4.6 ‘vIsUALIsATION’ OF THE REjE
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4.7 THE UsE OF AFM IN MEMbRANE dEvE
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Dfractional 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
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4.8 CHARACTERIsATION OF METAL sURFA
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At pH 5.5, dissolution began to occ
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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. H
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C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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The antibacterial activity of initi
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 147 t
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 149 B
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Force (nN m -1 ) Loading force (mN
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 153 p
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 20 15 10
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 161 F
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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Å 200 100 0 5.4 MODIFICATION OF ME
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AbbrEvIAtIonS And SyMbolS NOM Natur
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REFERENCEs 171 [29] W.R. Bowen, T.A
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174 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMA
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