W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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194 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMACEUTICALS by SCANNINg PRObE MICROSCOPy [55] P.G. Royall, V.L. Kett, C.S. Andrews, D.Q.M. Craig, Identification of crystalline and amorphous regions in low molecular weight materials using microthermal analysis, J. Phys. Chem. B 105 (2001) 7021–7026. [56] L. Harding, W.P. King, X. Dail, D.Q.M. Craig, M. Reading, Nanoscale characterisation and imaging of partially amorphous materials using local thermomechanical analysis and heated tip AFM, Pharm. Res. 24 (2007) 2048–2054. [57] T-H. Fang, W-J. Chang, Microthermal machining using scanning thermal microscopy, Appl. Surf. Sci. 240 (2005) 312–317. [58] W.P. King, S. Saxena, B.A. Nelson, B.L. Weeks, R. Pitchimani, Nanoscale thermal analysis of an energetic material, Nano Lett. 6 (2006) 2145–2149. [59] L. Bond, S. Allen, M.C. Davies, C.J. Roberts, A.P. Shivji, S.J.B. Tendler, P.M. Williams, J. Zhang, Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning thermal microscopy analysis of pharmaceutical materials, Int. J. Pharm. 243 (2002) 71–82.
C H A P T E R 7 Micro/Nanoengineering and AFM for Cellular Sensing Huabing Yin, Gordon McPhee and Phil S. Dobson O U T L I N E 7.1 Introduction 195 7.1.1 How Do Cells Respond to the ECM? 196 7.2 Engineering the ECM for Probing Cell Sensing 198 7.2.1 Surface Patterning (Chemical Signals) 199 7.2.2 Nanotopography 205 7.2.3 Nanoscale Measurement: Challenges and Opportunities for AFM 209 7.3 AFM in Cell Measurement 211 7.3.1 AFM Imaging of Cells 211 7.3.2 Elasticity Measurement of Living Cells 214 7.4 Conclusions 217 Acknowledgements 219 Abbreviations and Symbols 219 References 220 7.1 IntroduCtIon Cells live in a complex extracellular matrix (ECM), which consists of neighbouring cells, proteins and extracellular fluids, inside the bodies of animals and plants. Cells constantly monitor the chemical and physical signals from their surroundings and react accordingly. A large body of Atomic Force Microscopy in Process Engineering 195 © 2009, Elsevier Ltd
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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint
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x Preface in their work. Hence, it
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xii Preface them from hostile condi
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xiv About thE Editors Professor Nid
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xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel
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2 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FOR
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20 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FO
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32 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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82 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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100 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-B
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C H A P T E R 4 Investigating Membr
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.5 EFFECTs OF sURFACE ROUgHNEss ON
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4.6 ‘vIsUALIsATION’ OF THE REjE
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4.7 THE UsE OF AFM IN MEMbRANE dEvE
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Dfractional 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
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4.8 CHARACTERIsATION OF METAL sURFA
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At pH 5.5, dissolution began to occ
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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. H
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C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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Page 164 and 165: Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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244 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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246 9. APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE
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276 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs most AFM s
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278 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs targeted d
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A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion,
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Natural organic matter, 140 Negativ
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