W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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192 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMACEUTICALS by SCANNINg PRObE MICROSCOPy [15] T.H. Ibrahim, T.R. Burk, F.M. Etzler, R.D. Neuman, Direct adhesion measurements of pharmaceutical particles to gelatin capsule surfaces, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 14 (2000) 1225–1242. [16] C.T. Gibson, D.A. Smith, C.J. Roberts, Calibration of silicon atomic force microscope cantilevers, Nanotechnology 16 (2005) 234–238. [17] M.D. Louey, P. Mulvaney, P.J. Stewart, Characterisation of adhesional properties of lactose carriers using atomic force microscopy, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 25 (2001) 559–567. [18] J.K. Eve, N. Patel, S.Y. Luk, S.J. Ebbens, C.J. Roberts, A study of single drug particle adhesion interactions using atomic force microscopy, Int. J. Pharm. 238 (2002) 17–27. [19] V. Berard, E. Lesniewska, C. Andres, D. Pertuy, C. Laroche, Y. Pourcelot, Affinity scale between a carrier and a drug in DPI studied by atomic force microscopy, I. J. Pharm. 247 (2002) 127–137. [20] P.M. Young, R. Price, M.J. Tobyn, M. Buttrum, F. Dey, The influence of relative humidity on the cohesion properties of micronized drugs used in inhalation therapy, J. Pharm. Sci. 93 (2004) 753–761. [21] J.C. Hooton, C.S. German, S. Allen, M.C. Davies, C.J. Roberts, S.J.B. Tendler, P.M. Williams, An atomic force microscopy study of the effect of nanoscale contact geometry and surface chemistry on the adhesion of pharmaceutical particles, Pharm. Res. 21 (2004) 953–961. [22] J.C. Hooton, C.S. German, S. Allen, M.C. Davies, C.J. Roberts, S.J.B. Tendler, P.M. Williams, Characterisation of particle-interactions by atomic force microscopy: the effect of contact area, Pharm. Res. 20 (2003) 508–514. [23] R. Ashayer, P.F. Luckham, S. Manimaaran, P. Rogueda, Investigation of the molecular interactions in a pMDI formulation by atomic force microscopy, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 21 (2004) 533–543. [24] P.M. Young, R. Price, D. Lewis, S. Edge, D. Traini, Under pressure: predicting pressurized metered dose inhaler interactions using the atomic force microscope, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 262 (2003) 298–302. [25] M. Pierce, J. Stuart, A. Pungor, P. Dryden, V. Hlady, Adhesion force measurements using an atomic-force microscope upgraded with a linear position-sensitive detector, Langmuir 10 (1994) 3217–3221. [26] P. Begat, D.A. Morton, R. Price, J.N. Staniforth, Investigation into the cohesive– adhesive force balance within a dry powder inhaler formulation, Res. Drug Deliv. IX 3 (2003) 729–732. [27] M.J. Bunker, C.J. Roberts, M.C. Davies, M.B. James, A nanoscale study of particle friction in a pharmaceutical system, Int. J. Pharm. 325 (2006) 163–171. [28] M.J. Bunker, M.C. Davies, X. Chen, M.B. James, C.J. Roberts, Single particle friction on blister packaging materials used in dry powder inhalers, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 29 (2006) 405–413. [29] B.C. Hancock, G.T. Carlson, D.D. Ladipo, B.A. Langdon, M.P. Mullarney, Comparison of the mechanical properties of the crystalline amorphous forms of a drug substance, Int. J. Pharm. 241 (2002) 73–85. [30] X. Liao, T.S. Wiedmann, Measurement of process-dependent material properties of pharmaceutical solids by nanoindentation, J. Pharm. Sci. 94 (2004) 79–92. [31] C.C. Kwana, Y.Q. Chena, Y.L. Dinga, D.G. Papadopoulosb, A.C. Benthamb, M. Ghadiria, Development of a novel approach towards predicting the milling behaviour of pharmaceutical powders, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 23 (2004) 327–336. [32] S. Jain, Mechanical properties of powders for compaction and tableting: an overview, Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today 2 (1999) 20–31. [33] P. Narayan, B.C. Hancock, The relationship between the particle properties, mechanical behavior, and surface roughness of some pharmaceutical excipient compacts, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 355 (2003) 24–36.
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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint
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x Preface in their work. Hence, it
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xii Preface them from hostile condi
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xiv About thE Editors Professor Nid
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xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel
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2 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FOR
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20 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FO
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32 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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82 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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100 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-B
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C H A P T E R 4 Investigating Membr
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.5 EFFECTs OF sURFACE ROUgHNEss ON
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4.6 ‘vIsUALIsATION’ OF THE REjE
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4.7 THE UsE OF AFM IN MEMbRANE dEvE
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Dfractional 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
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4.8 CHARACTERIsATION OF METAL sURFA
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At pH 5.5, dissolution began to occ
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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. H
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C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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242 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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244 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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246 9. APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE
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276 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs most AFM s
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278 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs targeted d
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A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion,
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Natural organic matter, 140 Negativ
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