W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

Adhesion force (mN m –1 )
10
8
6
4
2
5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 155
0
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Loading force (mN m –1 )
1 mM NaCl
10 mM NaCl
100 mM NaCl
fIgurE 5.10 Relationship of adhesion and loading forces between initial PVDF and
BSA probe in different ionic strength solutions at pH � 5.8.
Adhesion force (mN m –1 )
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
PES
PVDF
fIgurE 5.11 Comparison of adhesion forces of BSA-modified probe to unmodified
PES and PVDF membranes in various pH solutions.