W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

C H A P T E R
5
AFM and Development
of (Bio)Fouling-Resistant
Membranes
Nidal Hilal, W. Richard Bowen,
Daniel Johnson and Huabing Yin
O U T L I N E
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Measurement of Adhesion of Colloidal Particles and Cells
to Membrane Surfaces 141
5.3 Modification of Membranes 144
5.3.1 Modification of Membranes with Quaternary Ammonium Salts 144
5.3.2 Membrane Characterisation 145
5.3.3 (Bio)Adhesion Forces between a BSA-Functionalised
Colloid Probe and Membrane Surface 151
5.4 Modification of Membranes with Sulphonated Poly
(Ether-Ether Ketone) Polymers 163
5.5 Conclusions 168
Acknowledgements 168
Abbreviations and Symbols 169
References 169
5.1 IntroduCtIon
Pressure-driven membrane processes are widely used in water treatment
applications. However, membrane fouling occurs due to the deposition
of suspended particulates and dissolved materials on the membrane
Atomic Force Microscopy in Process Engineering 139
© 2009, Elsevier Ltd