W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. Hilal, R.W. Lovitt, C.J. Wright, Characterisation of membrane surfaces: direct measurement of biological adhesion using an atomic force microscope, J. Memb. Sci. 154 (1999) 205–212. [5] W.R. Bowen, T.A. Doneva, Atomic force microscopy characterisation of ultrafiltration membranes: correspondence between surface pore dimensions and molecular weight cut-off, Surf. Interface Anal. 29 (2000) 44–547. [6] W.R. Bowen, N. Hilal, R.W. Lovitt, A.O. Sharif, P.M. Williams, Atomic force microscope studies of membranes: force measurement and imaging in electrolyte solutions, J. Memb. Sci. 126 (1997) 77–89. [7] W.R. Bowen, T.A. Doneva, J.A.G. Stoton, The use of atomic force microscopy to quantify membrane surface electrical properties, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 201 (2002) 73–83. [8] W.R. Bowen, T.A. Doneva, Atomic force microscopy studies of nanofiltration membranes: surface morphology, pore size distribution and adhesion, Desalination 129 (2000) 63–172. [9] W.R. Bowen, N. Hilal, M. Jain, R.W. Lovitt, A.O. Sharif, C.J. Wright, The effects of electrostatic interactions on the rejection of colloids by membrane pores – visualisation and quantification, Chem. Eng. Sci. 54 (1999) 369–375. [10] W.R. Bowen, T.A. Doneva, H.B. Yin, Polysulphone-sulphonated poly (ether ether) ketone blend membranes: systematic synthesis and characterization, J. Memb. Sci. 181 (2001) 253–263. [11] W.R. Bowen, T.A. Doneva, H.B. Yin, Separation of humic acid from a model surface water with PSU/SPEEK blend UF/NF membranes, J. Memb. Sci. 206 (2002) 417–429. [12] K. Al-Anezi, D.J. Johnson, N. Hilal, An atomic force microscope study of calcium carbonate adhesion to desalination process equipment: effect of anti-scale agent, Desalination 220 (2008) 359–370. [13] W.R. Bowen, R.W. Lovitt, C.J. Wright, Atomic force microscope studies of stainless steel: surface morphology and colloidal particle adhesion, J. Mater. Sci. 36 (2001) 623–629. [14] H.-J. Butt, B. Capella, M. Kapple, Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: technique, interpretation and applications, Surf. Sci. Rep. 59 (2005) 1–152. [15] T.S. Chow, Size-dependent adhesion of nanoparticles on rough substrates, J. Phys. Condens. Matt. 15 (2003) L83–L87. [16] Y.I. Rabinovich, J.J. Adler, A. Ata, R.K. Singh, B.M. Moudgil, Adhesion between nanoscale rough surfaces. II. Measurement and comparison with theory, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 232 (2000) 17–24. [17] A. Abbott, G. Capper, K.J. McKenzie, A. Glidle, K.S. Ryder, Electropolishing of stainless steels in a choline chloride based ionic liquid: an electrochemical study with surface characterisation using SEM and atomic force microscopy, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. (PCCP) 8 (2006) 4214–4221. [18] V. Vignal, J.C. Roux, S. Flandrois, A. Fevrier, Nanoscopic studies of stainless steel electropolishing, Corr. Sci. 42 (2000) 1041–1053. [19] J. Sanchez, J. Fullea, C. Andrade, J.J. Gaitero, A. Porro, AFM study of the early corrosion of a high strength steel in a diluted sodium chloride solution, Corr. Sci. 50 (2008) 1820–1824. [20] R. Wang, An AFM and XPS study of corrosion caused by micro-liquid of dilute sulfuric acid on stainless steel, Appl. Surf. Sci. 227 (2004) 399–409. [21] R. Solmaz, G. Kardas, M. Culha, B. Yazici, M. Erbil, Investigation of adsorption and inhibitive effect of 2-mercaptothiazoline on corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid media, Electrochim. Acta 53 (2008) 5941–5992. [22] Q. Qu, S. Jiang, W. Bai, L. Li, Effect of ethylene tetraacetic acid disodium on the corrosion of cold rolled steel in the presence of benzotriazole in hydrochloric acid, Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007) 6811–6820.
138 4. INvEsTIgATINg MEMbRANEs ANd MEMbRANE PROCEssEs [23] M. Valtiner, S. Borodin, G. Grundmeier, Stabilization and acidic dissolution mechanism of single-crystalline ZnO(0001) surfaces in electrolytes studied by in-situ AFM imaging and ex-situ LEED, Langmuir 24 (2008) 5350–5358. [24] D.F. Arias, Y.C. Arango, A. Devia, Study of TiN and ZrN thin films grown by cathodic arc technique, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2006) 1683–1690. [25] B. Subramaniam, S. Mohan, S. Jayakrishnan, Structural, microstructural and corrosion properties of brush plated copper–tin alloys, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2006) 1145–1151. [26] B. Subramaniam, S. Mohan, S. Jayakrishnan, Selective area deposition of tin–nickel alloy coating – an alternative for decorative chromium plating, J. Appl. Electrochem. 37 (2007) 219–224. [27] Y. Fu, X. Zhu, B. Tang, X. Hu, J. He, K. Xu, A.W. Batchelor, Development and characterization of CrN films by ion beam enhanced deposition, Wear 217 (1998) 159–166. [28] G. Gusmano, G. Montesperelli, M. Rapone, G. Padeletti, A. Cusma, S. Kaciulis, A. Mezzi, R. Di Maggio, Zirconia primers for corrosion resistant coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol. 242 (2007) 5822–5888. [29] B. Yu, E.M. Davis, R.S. Hodges, R.T. Irvin, D.Y. Li, Surface nanocrystallization of stainless steel for reduced biofilm adherence, Nanotechnology 19 (2008) 335101.
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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint
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x Preface in their work. Hence, it
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xii Preface them from hostile condi
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xiv About thE Editors Professor Nid
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xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel
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2 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FOR
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20 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FO
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32 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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82 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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84 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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Page 156 and 157: 5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 147 t
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Page 180 and 181: REFERENCEs 171 [29] W.R. Bowen, T.A
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188 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMA
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196 7. MICRO/NANOENgINEERINg ANd AF
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226 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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246 9. APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE
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276 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs most AFM s
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278 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs targeted d
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A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion,
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Natural organic matter, 140 Negativ
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