W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel Johnson Centre for Clean Water Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK daniel.johnson@nottingham.ac.uk Gordon McPhee Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK gmcphee@elec.gla.ac.uk Dr Phil Dobson Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK pdobson@elec.gla.ac.uk
C H A P T E R Basic Principles of Atomic Force Microscopy Daniel Johnson, Nidal Hilal and W. Richard Bowen O U T L I N E . Introduction 2 .2 The atomic force microscope 3 .3 Cantilevers and probes 6 1.3.1 Effect of Probe Geometry 7 .4 Imaging modes 8 1.4.1 Contact Mode Imaging 9 1.4.2 Intermittent Contact (Tapping) Mode 10 1.4.3 Non-Contact Mode 10 1.4.4 Force Volume Imaging 11 1.4.5 Force Modulation Mode 12 1.4.6 Lateral/Frictional Force Mode 12 .5 The afm as a force sensor 2 .6 Calibration of afm microcantilevers 6 1.6.1 Calibration of Normal spring Constants 16 1.6.2 Calibration of Torsional and Lateral spring Constants 21 .7 Colloid probes 22 abbreviations and symbols 23 References 24 Atomic Force Microscopy in Process Engineering © 2009, Elsevier Ltd
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50 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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82 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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100 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-B
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C H A P T E R 4 Investigating Membr
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.5 EFFECTs OF sURFACE ROUgHNEss ON
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4.6 ‘vIsUALIsATION’ OF THE REjE
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4.7 THE UsE OF AFM IN MEMbRANE dEvE
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Dfractional 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
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4.8 CHARACTERIsATION OF METAL sURFA
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At pH 5.5, dissolution began to occ
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REFERENCEs 137 [4] W.R. Bowen, N. H
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C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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5.2 MEAsUREMENT OF ADHEsION OF COLL
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The antibacterial activity of initi
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 147 t
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 149 B
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Force (nN m -1 ) Loading force (mN
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 153 p
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 20 15 10
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Adhesion force (mN m -1 ) 10 8 6 4
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5.3 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs 161 F
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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5.4 MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANEs wITH
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Å 200 100 0 5.4 MODIFICATION OF ME
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AbbrEvIAtIonS And SyMbolS NOM Natur
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REFERENCEs 171 [29] W.R. Bowen, T.A
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174 6. NANOSCALE ANALySIS Of PHARMA
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196 7. MICRO/NANOENgINEERINg ANd AF
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226 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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246 9. APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE
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276 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs most AFM s
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278 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs targeted d
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A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion,
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Natural organic matter, 140 Negativ
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