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&= Ifdtf clej[lWbsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~RFFNFg M
ljleGg s[lif k|ljflwx?sf] k|;f/ dfkm{t s[ifsx?sf] Ifdtf clej[lWb ug] { pb]Zosf ;fy ljleGg
sfo{qmdx? o; cf=j df ;~rfng ul/of] . o;sf nflu o; cf=j=df ^( j6f ;]jf s]Gb| :t/Lo tflnd
;~rng ul/of] h;df &!*=dlxnf / @*) blnt÷hghftLsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L,^ j6f
lhNnf:t/Lo cu'jf s[ifs tflnd ;~RFFng ul/of] h;df %^ dlxnf / #^ blnt÷hghftLsf]
;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . To:t}, :ynut tflnd n]vkmf+6 uf=lj=;=df ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fljlwsx?sf] ] Ifdtf clej[lWbsf vflt/ o; cf=j df & ljleGg tflnndf !! k|fljwlsx?sf]
;xefuLtf /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L s[ifsx?sf] xf};nf j9fO pgLx?nfO Joj;flos s[liftkm{ yk cfslif{t
u/fpgsf nflu t/sf/L jfnL, wfgjfnL, ;'Gtnf ju}rf, pTs[i7 s[ifs ;d'x ;b:o h:tf ljBfdf
ljleGg s[ifs÷s[ifs ;d'x ;b:onfO k'/:s[t ul/Psf] 5 .
*= /fxt sfo{qmd ;~rfngM
ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]kjf6 kLl8t s[ifsx?nfO ljleGg jfnLsf ldlgls6x? dfkm{t /fxt
ljt/0f ul/Psf] . o; qmddf !!)) ;]6 ds} / !%)) ;]6 t/sf/L ldlgsL6 ljt/0f ePsf] lyof] .
(= ;'Gtnf ks]6 If]qdf cl;gf kLl8t ;'Gtnf pTkfbs s[ifsx?nfO /fxt :j?k
Refractometer cg'bfg
o; lhNnfsf] ;'Gtnf ks]6 If]q af;vs{df o; cf=j= df k/]sf] cl;gfn] ;'Gtnfdf Jofks Iflt k'u]sf]
n] lh=lj=; ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf o; sfof{nojf6 Ps yfg ;'Gtnsf] h'; agfpg cfjZos
Refractometer /fxt :j?k cg'bfgdf pknJw u/fOPsf] h;sf] pkof]un] kLl8t s[ifsx? ;'Gtnfsf]
h'; agfO cfocfh{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
!)= cWoog k|ltj]bgx? tof/ M
lhNnfdf k|of]udf /x]sf k|;f/sf ljleGg dfWodx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog o; cf=j= df ul/of]
h;jf6 Groupu Approcch g} s[lif k|;f/sf] pQd dfWod ePsf] kfOPsf] . o;}u/L, cfn'jfnLdf
ul/Psf] nfe nfut cWoogn] o; lhNnfd cfn' Joj;fo lgs} kmfObfhgs /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
!!= k|efjsf/L cg'udg M
o; cf=j= df ;~rflnt ljleGg sfo{qmdx?, ;fgf l;+rfO cfof]hgfx? / clt ljkGg nlIft ljz]if
sfo{qmd cGtu{t ul7t !@ ;ldltx?sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf lgl/If0f lhNnfsf k|fljlwsx?jf6
;do ;dodf ePsf] 5 h;jf6 oL sfo{qmdx?sf] k|Effjsf/Ltfdf yk j[lWb ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
lhNnfsf] cg'udgdf s[lif laefusf p=df=lg=>L ;'/yafa' cof{n, s[lif dGqfnosf ;x–;lrj
kb\d/fh /]UdL, If]qLo s[lif lgb] {zgfno, dfn]kf6g kf]v/fsf If]qLo lgb] {zs cfgGb/Tg ah|frfo{, jl/i7
s[lif cy{ lj1 hgf{bg clwsf/L, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf zfvf clws[t >L
emÍgfy zdf{ tyf k|d'v n]vf clws[t >L 1fg]Gb| kf}8]n nufotsf kbfllwsf/Lx?sf] ;s[o
;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 .
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