view - National Center for Education Development
view - National Center for Education Development view - National Center for Education Development
� d sxf― 5' eg]/ sfo{sf] yfngL ul/G5 . � ;Dkfbg ul/cfPsf sfo{x¿sf] ;'wf/ ug{ sf]l;; ul/G5 . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cf}lrTo lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] lzIf0f sfo{df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug] { u5{g\ . vf;u/L sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0fl;sfOsf qmddf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u/L tL ;d:of;dfwfg ug{sf nflu lzIfsn] cg';Gwfg k|Zg tof/ u/L k|Zgsf] pQ/ klxNofpg k|:tfjgf tof/ u5{g\ . pQm k|:tfjgfcg';f/ sfo{ u5{g\, cjnf]sg u5{g\, Reflective journal tof/ u5{g\, c¿;―u cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg u5{g\ . sfo{df lgvf/tf gcfP cem of]hgf tof/ u/L cl3 a9\5g\ . lzIfsn] vf;u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug] { u5{g\ M � d d]/f ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOk|lt s;/L clek| ]l/t ug{ ;S5' < � ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a9L ljZn]if0ffTds tyf l;h{gfTds aGg d s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' < � d s;/L l;4fGtnfO{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] cEof; (Practice) ;―u hf]8\g ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' < � d 7"nf] sIffdf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s;/L ;lqmo / k"0f{ ;xefuL u/fpg ;S5' < � ljBfyL{x¿ d]/f] sIffdf lsg r'k nfu]/ a:5g\ < k|Zg ;f]Wg] tyf cGtlqm{of ug{ ?rfp―b}gg\ < sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0fl;sfO ubf{sf] cg'ej, d'2f, r'gf}tLx¿sf af/]df k|Zgx¿;―u} ;'? x'G5 . of] Pp6f k|ltlalDat k|lqmof xf] h;n] lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0fl;sfOsf kIfx¿sf] hf―r ug{ tyf vf]h ug{ ;fy} ;'wf/ / kl/jt{gsf lglDt sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . h'gs'g} lzIfs h;n] lzIf0fl;sfOsf af/]df a9L hfgsf/L /fVg rfxG5, h;n] lzIf0f ;Lk ljsf; / 1fgsf] If]q km/flsnf] agfpg rfxG5, h;n] sfo{ u/L lzIf0fl;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg rfxG5 pgsf nflu sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfg / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] km/s cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfg / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf s]lx km/s kfOG5 h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M ljifoj:t' cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg cg';Gwfgstf{sf Jofks ¿kdf tflndsf] cfjZostf cfk} ―m jf c¿sf] ;xof]udf tflnd nflu tflnd kb{5 . lng] tyf u/]/ l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . cg';Gwfgsf] nIo ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ of]Uo x'G5 . k|fKt 1fg :yfgLo kl/l:yltdf nfu" ug{ of]Uo x'G5 . cg';Gwfg ljlw k"j{cg';Gwfgsf] k'g/fj[lQ ;d;fdlos ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ;flxTosf] Jofks ¿kdf k|fylds ;|f]t tyf xtf/, k|foh;f] ;xfos ;|f]tx¿ k'g/fj[lQ ug{ ] ljlw ;xfos ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . (Secondary source) sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . cg';Gwfg 9f―rf nfdf] ;do nfUg], s7f]/ lgoGq0fdf cg';Gwfgsf] nlrnf] ljlw ckgfOG5 248
{ cg';Gwfg ug'{kg] x'G5 . / 5f]6f] cjlwdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/G5 . dfkg ljlw d"Nofª\sg / k"j{ hf―r ;fwgsf] ;'ljwfo'Qm ;fwgx¿, :t/o'Qm k|of]u ul/G5 . k/LIffsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . tYofª\s ljZn]if0f tYofª\sLo hf―r, u'0ffTds tl/sfx¿ Jofjxfl/s, u'0ffTds tYofª\sx¿ ckgfOG5 . k|of]u ul/G5 . glthfsf] k|of]u ;}4flGts dxŒjdf hf]8 lbOG5 . Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . 249 sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ljsf;qmd s6{ n]ljgnfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf lktf eg]/ lrlgG5 . pgL hd{gsf ;fdflhs / k|of]ufTds dgf]j}1flgs lyP . Pp6f h]:6fN6 :s'nsf ;+:yfks;d]t ePsf n]ljg vf;u/L ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿;―u ;/f]sf/ /fVy] / vf;u/L ;+:yfleq efj / kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf lglDt Dynamics df cfa4 lyP . t/ nuQ} pgn] cfk\mg} National Training Laboratories :yfkgf ;xeflutfd"ns ;d"x k|lqmofdf s]lGb|t x'Gy] . ;'?df n]ljg MIT af]:6gdf Center for Group :yfkgf u/] . n]ljgn] ;j{k|yd Action Research zAbsf] k|of]u ;g\ !($^ df pgsf] n]v Action Reasearch and Monitory Problems df u/] . pQm n]vdf sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ A comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgn] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf Pp6f Spiral k|lqmof x'g] s'/f o;/L atfPsf 5g\ M A spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action. o;}u/L Pl/s l6«:6 hf] o'4kZrft\ ;dosf d'Vo of]ubfgstf{ lyP, pgL ;fdflhs dgf]lrlsT;s lyP . pgsf] ;d"xn] nG8gsf] Tavistock Institute of Human Relations df Applied Social Research df ;+nUg lyP . pgLx¿n] 7"nf] dfqfsf] ax';+:yfut ;d:ofx¿df s]lGb|t ub} { cg';GwfgnfO{ cl3 a9fP . o;/L s6{ n]ljg / Pl/s l6«:6 b'j}n] ;+:yf tyf ;+:yfx¿aLrdf qmda4 kl/jt{gsf nflu cg';GwfgnfO{ nfu" u/] . pgLx¿n] ;d:of;dfwfgsf nflu Professionals / Client sf] ;xsfo{ tyf ;d"xsf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg lsl;dx¿ sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ lgDg k|sf/df ljeQm ug{ ;lsG5 M � lzIfs cg';Gwfg — o;sf nflu lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbg]÷;―u} a;]/ Coach ug] {, k|ljlwsf] kx'―r a9fpg], ;"rgf ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug] { tl/sf l;sfOg] cflb sfo{ cTofjZos dflgG5g\ . o;k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfgn] ljlzi6 ¿kdf kf7\oqmd, lzIf0f ljlw / d"Nofª\sg kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg] ub{5 .
- Page 207 and 208: 197 3_ n]vg ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;s
- Page 209 and 210: fli6«o � ;+:s[tsf] pRr lzIffsf n
- Page 211 and 212: 201 s_ ;+:s[t ljBfsf] ljsf;sf nflu
- Page 213 and 214: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- Page 215 and 216: 205 dft[efiff g]kfn ax'eflifs b]z x
- Page 217 and 218: 207 o;y{ o;sf] kf7\oqmd ljdf{0fsf n
- Page 219 and 220: 209 sfd;―u kl/lrt tyf sfdk|lt ;sf
- Page 221 and 222: 211 6= j}slNks pmhf{ -;f}o{ pmhf{_
- Page 223 and 224: 213 sfo{ynf]df g/d ;Lk -soft skills
- Page 225 and 226: 215 pbfx/0f Hard skill soft skills
- Page 227 and 228: 217 13= ljleGg wft'sf -;'g rf―bL,
- Page 229 and 230: 219 k];f of]hgfsf cª\ux¿ -Compone
- Page 231 and 232: 221 k];f ;d"xLs/0f -Career clusters
- Page 233 and 234: 223 � To;}n] pBdL l;sfO eg]sf] cj
- Page 235 and 236: 225 c¿df ;sf/fTds k|efj -impressio
- Page 237 and 238: 227 cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw tyf vf]
- Page 239 and 240: { qm= ljj/0f km/skg ;= lgoldt lzIff
- Page 241 and 242: 231 7= o; k|0ffnL ldl8ofsf] k|of]u
- Page 243 and 244: 233 xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] ;d"xnfO{ qmdzM
- Page 245 and 246: 235 u_ ;+r]tLs/0f lzIff -!(&) kZrft
- Page 247 and 248: 237 ug'{, k];f Joj;fosf 1fg ;Lk l;S
- Page 249 and 250: 239 u_ j}slNks tyf v'nf ljBfno lzIf
- Page 251 and 252: 241 qmddf ckgfOg] lqmofsnfkx¿df k|
- Page 253 and 254: 243 kIf >Jo Sof;]6sf] sdhf]/ eP tfk
- Page 255 and 256: em_ df]afOn kmf]g lxhf]cfh lzIf0f l
- Page 257: 247 5= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfP
- Page 261 and 262: 251 of]hgf (Plan) � s'g If]qdf kl
- Page 263 and 264: 253 s'g} klg ljifoIf]qdf sfo{d"ns c
- Page 265 and 266: 255 � cg';Gwfg slxn]b]lv ;'? x'G5
- Page 267: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 1= sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
{ cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]<br />
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ul/G5 .<br />
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k|of]u ul/G5 .<br />
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ckgfOG5 .<br />
k|of]u ul/G5 .<br />
glthfsf] k|of]u ;}4flGts dxŒjdf hf]8 lbOG5 . Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf cfOk/]sf<br />
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249<br />
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dgf]j}1flgs lyP . Pp6f h]:6fN6 :s'nsf ;+:yfks;d]t ePsf n]ljg vf;u/L ;fdflhs<br />
;d:ofx¿;―u ;/f]sf/ /fVy] / vf;u/L ;+:yfleq efj / kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf lglDt<br />
Dynamics df cfa4 lyP . t/ nuQ} pgn] cfk\mg} <strong>National</strong> Training Laboratories :yfkgf<br />
;xeflutfd"ns ;d"x k|lqmofdf s]lGb|t x'Gy] . ;'?df n]ljg MIT af]:6gdf <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> Group<br />
:yfkgf u/] . n]ljgn] ;j{k|yd Action Research zAbsf] k|of]u ;g\ !($^ df pgsf] n]v<br />
Action Reasearch and Monitory Problems df u/] . pQm n]vdf sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ A<br />
comparative research on the conditions and effects of various <strong>for</strong>ms of social action and<br />
research leading to social action sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgn] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf Pp6f<br />
Spiral k|lqmof x'g] s'/f o;/L atfPsf 5g\ M A spiral of steps, each of which is composed of<br />
a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action.<br />
o;}u/L Pl/s l6«:6 hf] o'4kZrft\ ;dosf d'Vo of]ubfgstf{ lyP, pgL ;fdflhs dgf]lrlsT;s<br />
lyP . pgsf] ;d"xn] nG8gsf] Tavistock Institute of Human Relations df Applied Social<br />
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cg';GwfgnfO{ cl3 a9fP .<br />
o;/L s6{ n]ljg / Pl/s l6«:6 b'j}n] ;+:yf tyf ;+:yfx¿aLrdf qmda4 kl/jt{gsf nflu<br />
cg';GwfgnfO{ nfu" u/] . pgLx¿n] ;d:of;dfwfgsf nflu Professionals / Client sf] ;xsfo{<br />
tyf ;d"xsf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .<br />
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg lsl;dx¿<br />
sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ lgDg k|sf/df ljeQm ug{ ;lsG5 M<br />
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kx'―r<br />
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dflgG5g\ . o;k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfgn] ljlzi6 ¿kdf kf7\oqmd, lzIf0f ljlw / d"Nofª\sg<br />
kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg] ub{5 .